ABSTRACT
Background/Aims@#The frequency and details of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify characteristics of NAFLD in patients with IBD. @*Methods@#We retrospectively identified and enrolled patients with IBD diagnosed with or without NAFLD by undergoing abdominal computed tomography (CT) at our institution between 2005 and 2020. The primary endpoint was the complication rate of NAFLD in patients with IBD. Secondary endpoints were the clinical characteristics of nonobese patients with IBD and comorbid NAFLD and their association with nutritional and inflammatory parameters. @*Results@#Twenty-one (21.9%) of 96 eligible patients with IBD also had NAFLD. In nonobese patients (defined as patients with a body mass index <25 kg/m2), C-reactive protein (CRP; P<0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (P=0.018) levels were higher and the albumin level (P=0.005) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI; P=0.002) values were lower in patients with NAFLD than in those without NAFLD. The PNI value was positively correlated (P<0.001) and the CRP level was negatively correlated (P=0.001) with the hepatosplenic ratio. However, in the NAFLD combined group, PNI (P<0.05) and CRP values (P<0.001) were improved over time after CT imaging by continuing IBD treatment. @*Conclusions@#Worsening nutritional and inflammatory status in IBD patients is associated with complications of NAFLD. Diagnosis of NAFLD in IBD patients using CT imaging might be useful not only for early detection of NAFLD but also in assessing the need for therapeutic intervention for IBD.
ABSTRACT
The present study examined the effects of having bigger amount of protein than usual in competitive season on lean body weight (LBW), cross-sectional area of thigh and abdomen, muscle strengths, blood constituents and urinary urea nitrogen. Seventeen male varsity throwers (javelin, discus, hammer and shot put) ranging from 19 to 22 years of age, were divided into two groups ; Group A (N=9) with a more protein diet (2.1 g·kg<SUP>-1</SUP>·d<SUP>-1</SUP>), and Group B (N=8) with a usual amount diet (1.5 g·kg<SUP>-1</SUP>·d<SUP>-1</SUP>) . The experimental period was 62 days. During this period, they practiced six days a week. Three days were for throwing practice. Other three days were for weight training. All subjects lived in the same dormitory, and their life styles were similar to each other. The averaged daily diet of Group A evaluated by means of a weighing method had 3824 kcal with 175 g of protein (2.0 g·kg<SUP>-1</SUP>·d<SUP>-1</SUP>), 115 g of fat and 552 g of carbohydrate. The averaged daily diet of Group B had 3441 kcal with 130 g of protein (1.5 g·kg<SUP>-1</SUP>·d<SUP>-1</SUP>), 76 g of fat and 559 g of carbohydrate. All the intakes of vitamins (A, B<SUB>1</SUB>, B<SUB>2</SUB>, C) and minerals (calcium and iron) of the diet of each group were higher than the Japanese recommended dietary allowance. After the period, body weight, %fat, fat and LBW of both groups did not change significantly. Muscle strengths and cross-sectional areas in abdomen and thigh of both groups did not change significantly. Urinary urea nitrogen of both groups did not change significantly. Blood constituents (RBC, Hb, Ht, TP, Alb, BUN) of each group were still in normal ranges in spite of significant changes. No significant changes in body composition and muscle strengths were found in each group. These results, therefore, indicated that the more protein diet (2.0 g·kg<SUP>-1</SUP>·d<SUP>-1</SUP>) was not effective for increasing LBW and muscle strength of varsity throwers in competitive season.
ABSTRACT
Competitive gymnasts are confronted with the problem of weight loss before a competition. They intend to decrease body fat, but not muscle. One of the most reasonable method for the purpose is a dieting. Neverthless, a dieting often leads to decrease not only body fat but also lean body weight (LBW) of which 47% is composed of muscle. That is, a dieting has the possibility of decreasing the competitive performance. The well-regulated diet is, therefore, required very much for weight loss of the gymnasts. The body composition (under-water weighing), physical working capacity (submaximal endurance capacity, muscle strength and vertical jump) and blood constituents of seven female gymnasts were measured before and after the 33 day-diet. They, ranging from 18 to 22 years of age, were high ranked athletes in Japan. The diet program was arranged by the dietitian taking gymnasts' favours into consideration. The averaged daily diet evaluated by means of a dietary recall had 1194 kcal with 54.7g of protein, 28.5g of fat and 179.9g of carbohydrate. On the other hand, the usual intakes just before the dieting were 1722 kcal in energy, 43.0g in protein, 57.1g in fat and 269.2g in carbohydrate. All the intakes of vitamins and minerals of the diet were higher than the Japanese recommended dietary allowance (RDA) . They practiced about four hours a day, six days a week, during the diet period. The daily energy expenditures before and at the last stage of the dieting were 2332 kcal and 2551 kcal on the average respectively, which were estimated through motion and time study. After the dieting body weight decreased significantly from 52.11kg to 48.35kg, of which difference was composed of 2.99kg of body fat and 0.77kg of LBW. The decrease of body fat was statistically significant, but LBW was not so. Concerning all the physical working capacities in oxygen uptake and heart rate, muscle strength except trunk extension strength, and vertical jump, there were no significant changes after the dieting. But respiratory exchange ratio (R) decreased significantly at the same work loads. This decrease suggested increased usage of stored body fat as energy during daily practice, and might support the significant decrease of body fat. Most of blood constituents were still in normal ranges in spite of significant changes. Marked change was found in serum FFA which increased three times after the dieting. This change also meant the increased usage of body fat after the dieting. These data indicated that the diet program arranged in this study proved successful and the wellregulated diet was very effective in conditioning the body composition and the physical working capacity of female gymnasts.