Effects of nasal breathing on partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood during prolonged exercise in a hot environment / 体力科学

Prolonged exercise in a hot environment increases the minute ventilation (VE) and respiratory rate (RR) with an increase in core temperature. This hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation decreases the partial pressure of arterial blood carbon dioxide (PaCO2). Conversely, nasal breathing during exercise has been reported to produce low VE and RR values and high PaCO2 values; however, no studies have investigated this in hot environments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of nasal breathing on estimated partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2,estimate) during prolonged exercise in a hot environment. Twelve university endurance athletes participated in the study and performed a 40-minutes steady-state cycling exercise at an intensity of 55% of peak oxygen uptake in a hot environment (room temperature 35℃, relative humidity 40%). Using randomized crossover design, two experiments were performed—nasal breathing condition (NB) and mouth breathing condition (MB). Moreover, physiological indices were measured during the exercise. Rectal temperature increased in both conditions, but there was no significant difference between these conditions. PaCO2,estimate values were significantly higher in NB between 10 minutes and 40 minutes of exercise (p < 0.05) compared to MB, and decreased with time in MB. Compared to MB, the VE was significantly lower in NB between 30 minutes and 40 minutes (p < 0.05), while the RR was significantly lower in NB between 25 minutes and 40 minutes of exercise (p < 0.05). Therefore, nasal breathing during a prolonged moderate-intensity exercise in a hot environment prevented the decrease in PaCO2,estimate due to hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation.

Effect of temperature for cooling leg on intermittent exercise performance during half-time in a hot environment / 体力科学

Intermittent exercise performance in a hot environment is lower than in temperate conditions. Cooling strategies at rest are important; however, the appropriate cooling temperature is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature for cooling leg during half-time (HT) on intermittent exercise performance. Eleven men performed two pre-tests and three experimental trials of a 2 × 30 min intermittent exercise protocol in the heat (33°C; 50% relative humidity). During HT, three experimental conditions were set: no cooling (CON), cooling at the thigh using 12°C ice packs (COOL), and cooling at the thigh using 0°C ice packs (ICE) for 15 min. During the 2nd half, which consisted of 5 s maximal power pedaling every minute separated by 50 s of unloaded pedaling (80 rpm) and rest (5 s), the subjects repeated 2 × 15 sets of the intermittent exercise protocol. The peak power output under the COOL condition (694 ± 80 W) was significantly higher than that of the CON (653 ± 84 W). Thigh skin and deep temperatures showed a significant difference between each condition. In the COOL, thermal sensation was significantly lower, and thermal comfort was significantly higher. In a protocol that simulates intermittent athletic competitions such as soccer in a hot environment, using ice packs at 12°C to cool the thigh during HT lowered thigh skin and deep temperatures and improved heat perception and intermittent exercise performance. This cooling strategy is practical, suggesting that it would be effective for actual competitive situations.

Efficacy and safety of cold forceps polypectomy utilizing the jumbo cup: a prospective study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There are few prospective studies on cold forceps polypectomy (CFP) using jumbo cup forceps. Therefore, we examined patients with diminutive polyps (5 mm or smaller) treated with CFP using jumbo cup forceps to achieve an adenoma-free colon and also assessed the safety of the procedure and the recurrence rate of missed or residual polyp after CFP by performing follow-up colonoscopy 1 year later. METHODS: We included patients with up to 5 adenomas removed at initial colonoscopy and analyzed data from a total of 361 patients with 573 adenomas. One-year follow-up colonoscopy was performed in 165 patients, at which 251 lesions were confirmed. RESULTS: The one-bite resection rate with CFP was highest for lesions 3 mm or smaller and decreased significantly with increasing lesion size. Post-procedural hemorrhage was observed in 1 of 573 lesions (0.17%). No perforation was noted. The definite recurrence rate was 0.8% (2/251 lesions). The probable recurrence rate, which was defined as recurrence in the same colorectal segment, was 17%. Adenoma-free colon was achieved in 55% of patients at initial resection. Multivariate analysis revealed that achievement of an adenoma-free colon was significantly associated with number of adenomas and years of endoscopic experience. CONCLUSIONS: CFP using jumbo biopsy forceps was safe and showed a high one-bite resection rate for diminutive lesions of 3 mm or smaller. The low definite recurrence rate confirms the reliability of CFP using jumbo biopsy forceps. Number of adenomas and years of endoscopic experience were key factors in achieving an adenoma-free colon.

Effect of increase in body temperature on cognitive function during prolonged exercise / 体力科学

This study examined the effect of prolonged exercise with and without hyperthermia on cognitive function. In this study, 9 male subjects cycled at 50% watt max for 60 min in a room maintained at 23°C. Water-perfused suits with water at 7°C (COOL) and 47°C (HOT) were randomly used during the 2 cycling periods. Rectal temperature, skin temperatures, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and thermal sensation were evaluated during exercise. The Stroop color-word test (SCWT) and executive processing test (EPT) were conducted every 15min during exercise to evaluate cognitive function. In the COOL trial, the core temperature stabilized at 37.5 ± 0.1°C (mean ± SE), whereas in the HOT trial, the core temperature increased to 39.1 ± 0.1°C, with a concomitant increase in RPE and thermal sensation. Although the reaction time for the simple task of the SCWT improved when the body temperature increased slightly during the COOL trial, the conflict task of the SCWT was impaired during the latter stages of exercise during the HOT trial. The reaction time for the HOT trial was significantly longer than that for the COOL trial. Compared to the bigining of exercise the reaction time for the EPT was impaired at 60 min during the HOT trial, and this reaction time was longer than that for the COOL trial. The present findings indicate that exercise-induced hyperthermia during the latter stages of exercise impairs cognitive as well as physiological functions.

Nerve Growth Factor in Saliva Stimulated by Mastication / Oral Science International

The aim of the present study was to measure the amount of nerve growth factor (NGF) present in saliva, and investigate the relationship with aging, gender, and number of retained teeth. The subjects were 93 healthy volunteers (35 males and 58 females) aged 18-87 years. Stimulated saliva was collected during gum chewing, and saliva secretion per minute and NGF concentration per unit volume were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that NGF in saliva was measurable in all subjects. The mean NGF concentration in saliva was 55.70 ± 38.27 pg/ml, and no relationship was found between NGF concentration and aging, gender, and the number of retained teeth. The mean NGF amount in saliva was 84.38 ± 71.06 pg/min. The NGF amount in saliva decreased with age, especially for the group aged 70 years and older. It was higher in male than female subjects, and was significantly higher in the group without tooth loss compared to the edentulous group. In addition, regarding the relationship between the saliva flow rate per minute and NGF amount in saliva, the latter increased significantly with a rise in the former. These results indicate that the NGF amount in saliva is influenced by aging, masticatory function, and saliva amount. It is speculated that human salivary glands play an important role in the synthesis and expression of NGF.

THE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES DURING EXERCISE RECOVERY / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender differences in thermoregulatory responses during the recovery from prolonged exercise. Fourteen (7 males and 7 females) subjects cycled for 45 minutes at 55%VO₂max and then rested for 105 minutes in the hot and humid environment (30℃, 80% relative humidity) or cool environment (20℃, 60% relative humidity). Both males and females showed same variations in rectal temperature (Tre) during exercise and recovery periods. Total sweat volume and water intake were significantly larger in males than in females during recovery in the both environments. In the heat condition, mean skin temperature (Tsk) decreased immediately after the cessation of exercise in females but not in males (the recovery period (R) 5–15 min : <i>p</i><0.01, R15–20 min : <i>p</i><0.05). These results suggested there are gender-related differences in the mechanisms and also the process maintaining the balance of heat production and heat loss response during recovery from prolonged exercise. Moreover the heat might modify gender differences of heat loss response during recovery as an important factor.

Effects of Water Ingestion Interval on Thermoregulatory Responses During Exercise in a Hot, Humid Environment / 体力科学

During exercise at high temperatures, body temperature increases impairing exercise performance and resulting in heat illnesses. Water ingestion during exercise is a simple and practical strategy to prevent hyperthermia. In the present study, we examined the effects of water ingestion interval on thermoregulatory responses during exercise in a hot, humid environment (32t, 80% relative humidity) . Eight male university students performed a 60-min cycling exercise (60% of the maximal O<SUB>2</SUB> uptake) under four separate conditions; no drinking (ND), water ingestion (mineral water) at 5 (D5), 15 (D15), and 30 (D30) min intervals. The total volume of water ingestion (TWI) was identical during D5, D15, and D30, and equal to the amount of fluid lost in sweat during ND. TWI was divided equally by the number of drinking times in each experiment. During exercise, both rectal and mean skin temperature were lower in D5 than those in the other conditions (p<0.05) . There was no significant difference in total sweat loss between the four conditions, however, evaporative sweat loss and sweat efficiency (evaporative sweat loss total sweat loss) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in D5 than those in the other conditions. These results suggest that the shorter water ingestion interval increases evaporative sweating and attenuates higher body temperature during exercise in a hot, humid environment.

Influence of acupuncture and moxibustion upon the R-R interval on an electrocardiogram / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

It is said that the R-R interval on an ECG, showing the period of the cardiac cycle, reflects the activity of the vagus.<br>In this paper, the changes in the R-R interval brought by acupuncture and moxibustion were investigated by using Ximen (P-4) and Shenmen (H-7).<br>In the case of acupuncture and/or moxibustion to Ximen as well as Shenmen, the prolonged R-R interval was noted, while the increased coefficient of alteration of R-R interval was showed in the case of acupuncture. The coefficient of the alteration showed a decrease, however, in the case of moxibustion to Shenmen. Remarkable reduction in the coefficient of the alteration were observed immediately after acupuncture to Ximen under administration of atropine, but moxibustion did not produce any remarkable fluctuations. On the other hand, acupuncture to Ximen under administration of propranolol produced no remarkable fluctuation, while moxibustion brought an increased coefficient of the alteration.<br>The results suggested that there were considerable variations in the influence on the autonomic nervous system which participated with the cardiac rhythm by different stimulation to the same meridian point.

Acupuncture treatment for diabetes mellitus. (8). Clinical study on patient with noninsulin-dependant diabetes mellitus / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

A series of studies on the acupuncture treatment for diabetes mellitus demonstrated that insulin secretion is accelerated by acupuncture stimulation during oral glucose loading.<br>In this study patients with noninsulin-dependant diabetes mellitus (type II) were treated by placing needle at Quichi (LI-11), Ganshu (UB-18), Taichong (Liv-3), Pishu (UB-20) and Zhongwan (Ren-12) twice a week for 6-8 weeks. The results showed improvements in blood sugar level and increased insulin response to administered glucose in those patients with noninsulin-dependant diabetes mellitus.<br>On the basis of this evidence it seems to suggest that insulin deficiency, which is basic pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, is improved by acupuncture treatment, in particular reserved ability of insulin secretion being revived.

Acupuncture therapy for diabetes mellitus. (VII). Insulin secretion and the twelve segmentations of HIRATA / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Studies on relationship between insulin secretion and 8 meridian points, namely St-39, Ren-12, LI-11, UB-20, UB-18, St-36, Sp-8, and Liv-3 which are extensively used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, revealed that LI-11 and UB-18 are closely related to secretion of insulin.<br>The twelve segmentations of Hirata, LI-11 corresponds to the 5th response zone of upper extremity region and UB-18 to the 5th response zone of truncal region, respectively. In order to investigate relationship between insulin secretion and the 5th response zone of Hirata's twelve segmentations, GB-10 of capital region, St-3 of collar region, SI-16 of facial region and Sp-6 of lower extremity region were stimulated by placing needle during oral glucose loading and insulin secretion was evaluated.<br>As a result, none of the meridian point locating in the 5th response zone in each region of Hirata's twelve segmentations showed positive relation to insulin secretion, except LI-11 of upper extrmity region and UB-18 of truncal region.

Acupuncture therapy for diabetes mellitus. (VI). Blocking phenomenon of the jingluo through insulin secretion / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

A relationship of meridian point-jingluo to secretion of insulin was evaluated by blocking the large intestine channel of hand-yangming.<br>Subjects were divided into three groups; (1) group of subjects in whom saline was injected in Quchi (LI-11), (2) group of subjects whose Quchi was cooled by an ice bag, and (3) group of subjects whose Quchi was pressed. Insulin secretion following acupuncture stimulation to Hege (LI-4) was measured in these groups. As a result, all three groups showed significant reduction in secretion of insulin and integrated insulin response for 60 minutes during oral glucose tolerance test.<br>The result obtained seems to suggest that stimuli given to Hege are blocked to transmit due to the interferance given to Quchi. This implies that blocking phenomenon of the jingluo take place in the large intestine channel of hand-yangming.

Acupuncture therapy for diabetes mellitus. (V). The large intestine channel of hand-yangming and insulin secretion / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

A relationship of acupuncture stimulation to secretion of insulin was investigated by stimulating various meridian points which are usually used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. As a result, it was demonstrated that Quchi (LI-11) is closely related to insulin secretion. This study was carried out to investigate a relationship of each of Hege (LI-4), Shousanli (LI-10), Jugu (LI-16), Yingxing (LI-20), which are located on the large intestine channel of hand-yangming, to secretion of insulin.<br>When stimulated by a 30 minutes placing needle, all four meridian points evidently increased secretion of insulin and integrated insulin response for 60 minutes during oral glucose tolerance test. Among others, Hege stimulation showed the most remarkable increase in insulin secretion.<br>The result obtained seems to suggest that is a close relationship between insulin secretion and the large intestine channel of hand-yangming.

Acupuncture and renal function. 1 Assessment by radioisotope renography / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Radioisotope renography, which is a technique for extracorporeal examination of kidney utilizing radionuclides, can provide the data of renal dynamics such as blood flow and excretion of urine about individual kidney. Since this technique allowes simple and noninvasive examination of renal functions, it is now commonly used clinically.<br>The present study was designed to elucidate a relationship between renal function and meridian point by using radioisotope renography. In this paper the effect of acupuncture applied placing-needle wlth low frequency wave to Shenshu (UB-23) of the urinary bladder channel of foot-taiyang on renal function, especially excretion of urine, was observed.<br>It was found that urinary elimination of radioisotope after acupuncture increased, although no marked change was noted on the pattern of renogram curve.

The Acupuncture Treatment of Masked Depression / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

With the advancement and complexity on present society it has been called the “age of depression”. One gets the feeling that depression, following a singular path of increase in recent years is one sort of “sickness of the era”. This time we conducted a screening test for masked depression, selected those showing such a tendency, and here report the remarkable improvement in a short period of time the condition of depression using acupuncture.<br>Method: Nakajima's test for masked depression (abbr MD test) was carried out on students from Meiji special school of Oriental Medicine and Meiji Junior College of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and screened 65 subjects with depression tendencies. Twenty-seven of these 65 subjects were randomly selected and divided into two groups of 16 in “actual group” and 11 in “placebo group”. Acupuncture method: In the actual group six acupoints that commonly applied on the psychic disease were used as follows; HYAKUE (GV 20), SHINCHU (GV 12), SHIN-YU (BL 15), KOKETSU (CV 14), SHINMON (HT 7) and SAN-INKO (SP 6) and the other hand in the placebo group five acupoints close to these in the former group but which are not directly related to psychic disease were applied as follows; TOH-DO (GV 13), FU-MON (BL 12), SUIBUN (CV 9), GEREN (LI 8) and KENSYO (GB 39). Acupuncture was performed for 10 minutes stationally by using gold needle (0.20mm wide, 40mm length) and was undertaken three times in a week for four weeks. Its clinical effect was evaluated by the MD test and the CMI test every two weeks.<br>Results: 1) In the actual group the score on the MD test averaged out to a return to normal range within two weeks whereas in the placebo group even after four weeks the score still remained in the sphere of depression.<br>2) In the actual group a 80% of the subjects showed in area IV (the sphere of neurosis) on the CMI test was resistant to the therapy. Even they did not relieve into the sphere of normality.<br>3) The acupuncture therapy indicated a tendency to the improvement of both physical and psychic symptoms in the actual group.<br>Conclusion: It was demonstrated that the acupuncture therapy applying acupoints suitable for psychic disease brought rappydly improvement of not only psychic symptoms but also physical symptoms and then gave a relief from the condition of depression.

Effects of Acupuncture on the Secretion of Gastric Juices / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

From ancient times the oriental medicine has applied the acupuncture therapy, choosing various meridian points, to the diseases of the digestive system.<br>Against the gastric diseases meridian points Tsusanli (S36), Yangling-chuan (G34) etc. are usually used. However, it is traditionally handed down that the puncture to Tsusanli tends to increase gastric secretion, therefore the puncture to Yanglingchuan is better for gastric hyperacidity than that to Tsusanli.<br>On these meridian points, its pathophysiological mechanism for the diseases of the digestive system of these meridian points still remains unknown.<br>In these paper, an evaluation on the change of pH value of gastric juice was carried out by using Telemeter for gastroenteric pH value, concerning Tsusanli, Yanglingchuan, Liangchiu (S34), and Waichiu (G36).<br>It was obtained that the tendency to increase the secretion of HCI in gastric juice in the group stimulated to Tsusanli and the group to Lingchiu, and the tendency to inhibit the secretion in the group to Yanglingchuan.

Acupuncture Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

As reported in a previous paper, acupuncture stimulus at 8 meridian points, CV-3, ST-25, BL-20, BL-18, LI-11, ST-36, SP-8 and LV-3 revealed significant increase in supplementary secretion of insulin during OGTT in normal subjects.<br>In this study it was cauied out to evaluate effect on secretion of insulin during OGTT using the same 8 meridian points individually as acupuncture stimulus.<br>It was clear that supplementay secretion, total secretion and secretion response of insulin during OGTT showed a highly significant increase by acupuncture stimalus at LI-11 and supplementary secretion and secretion response of it resulted in a marked increase at LV-3. However, no significant changes of insulin secretion were observed at ST-36 and ST-25.<br>The results suggested that significant differeuce in insulin secretion existed among these meridian points which used popularly for diabetes mellitus.