ABSTRACT
The yips represent a disorder that makes it challenging for an individual to perform automatic and coordinated movements in sports activities. The cause of the yips is not sufficiently clarified, and limited information is available regarding throwing yips in baseball. Therefore, this study was designed to clarify the incidence and characteristics of the throwing yips among college baseball players. Total 107 players of the college baseball team participated in the study and completed the questionnaire by answering questions about their experience of the yips (loss of control to throw the ball accurately for more than 1 month), the symptom intensity, and changes observed in the symptoms in different situations. The 47.1% of players met the definition of throwing yips. The symptoms of the yips were more pronounced with short-distances and low intensity of throwing. Moreover, there were various subjective symptoms, such as the issue about co-contraction of the upper limb, sensory function, body ownership, and movement planning. Various physical symptoms associated with throwing yips suggest that the yips are not only a disorder of motor skills, but result from movement disorders. The present results show that the occurrence of the yips depends on the throwing condition; this finding provides useful insights into the mechanism and the treatment of the yips. Interdisciplinary studies that aim to elucidate the cause of the yips and develop effective intervention are necessary.
ABSTRACT
Aerobic exercise is known to reduce pulse wave velocity (PWV), which reflects arterial stiffness. However, aerobic exercise has a depressor effect, and PWV strongly depends on blood pressure (BP). Therefore, improvement of PWV with aerobic exercise may have an indirect effect on reducing BP. In this study, the relationship between changes in BP and regional PWV measured by oscillometric and tonometry sensors before and after exercise therapy emphasizing aerobic exercise was evaluated in 46 elderly people receiving outpatient treatment for lifestyle-related diseases (7 males and 39 females, mean age : 68 years). In all subjects, BP and PWV measurements were performed before and after exercise therapy. PWV was measured between the brachium and ankle (baPWV), between the heart and femoral artery (hfPWV), and between the femoral artery and ankle (faPWV). During 6 months of exercise therapy, BP, baPWV, hfPWV and faPWV decreased significantly. By multiple regression analysis, the changes in systolic BP were extracted as factors correlated with changes in baPWV and faPWV. The changes in baPWV (r=0.639, p<0.01) and faPWV (r=0.649, p<0.01) correlated significantly with changes in systolic BP. However, changes in hfPWV were not extracted as a factor correlated with changes in systolic BP (r=0.228, p=n. s). In conclusion, exercise therapy emphasizing aerobic exercise was suggested to reduce the stiffness of both the lower limb artery (peripheral artery) and the aorta (central artery). Peripheral arterial stiffness improved concurrently with a reduction in BP as a result of exercise therapy ; but there is a possibility that the improvement of central arterial stiffness is not dependent on reducing BP.