ABSTRACT
Background: Patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body which develops within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. It is significantly important in anthropometrics. It is involved in the various methods of sitting and squatting. Therefore, it will be modified by cultural and ethnic variables. The knowledge of morphology and dimensions of patella performs very important role in the design of prosthesis and development of surgical techniques, hence this work was undertaken to establish such data on the dimensions of patella. Methods: 50 dry human patellae collected from the Department of Anatomy, SAMC and PGI Indore, MP, India. The various parameters were recorded and photographed. Results: 82% patella are triangular. Mean of height, width and thickness of patella were 36.66, 38.66, 19.26 mm. Width of MAF and LAF is 20.69 mm, 23.35 mm. Surface area of medial and lateral articular facet of patella were 415 mm2 / 526 mm2. Average weight of the patella is about 7.9 gm. Conclusion: This study provides various morphometric parameters and original data in relation to the patellar facets. Data are applicable to implant design of the patella and important from a biomechanical perspective
ABSTRACT
Background: The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tract. The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, principal bronchi and the remaining airway in the lungs. The aim of present study is to correlate the chronic use of NSAID-Ibuprofen (therapeutic doses) and histological changes in mucosa of lower respiratory tract of Swiss albino mice. Methods: The adult Swiss albino mice (25 in each group) were given either 40mg/kg commercial ibuprofen suspension (experimental group) or equivalent volume of distilled water (control group) by oral route by gastric gavage method. 7 μm thick longitudinally cut section of lung were studied under microscope after staining with Masson’s trichrome, Alcian blue, PAS and H & E stains. Histomorphometry was performed with linear ocular micrometer scale to quantify certain histological parameters namely epithelial height and proportion of epithelium height in an airway wall (PEH). The data was subjected to statistical analysis to obtain significance. Results: Proportion of epithelial height in the walls of airways (PEH) was found to be slightly lower in experimental small, intermediate and large airway groups but when compared with control group it was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The apparent decrease in the height of epithelium in the airways of the experimental groups along with the increase in proportion of wall thickness (not significant statistically) is suggestive of a corresponding gain in muscle thickness. This feature might reflect the tendency towards bronchospasm in experimental set of mice.
ABSTRACT
Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of drugs that provides analgesic (pain-killing) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects and in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects. The present case control study was performed to find out whether prolonged oral administration of a non-selective NSAID- ibuprofen in therapeutic doses produces any micro-structural changes in the mucosa of lower respiratory tract of adult Swiss albino mice. Methods: The adult Swiss albino mice (25 in each group) weregiven either 40mg/kg commercial ibuprofen suspension (experimental group) or equivalent volume of distilled water (control group) by oral route by gastric gavage method once daily for 6 weeks. Histomorphometry was performed with linear ocular micrometer scale to quantify certain histological parameters namely outerdiameter, inner diameter, wall thickness and proportion of wall thickness (PWT). Results: Reduction in the body weight at the end of dosing period in both the groups of mice but significant weight loss in experimental group of mice. Microscopically the findings of less airy lung tissue in the experimental group were notable. Mean values of proportion of wall thickness (PWT) were compared in experimental and control group and although apparently the PWT in experimental group seemed to be increased it was not significant statistically. Conclusion: The present study reflects the low possibility of toxic role of ibuprofen on the lung tissue of the mice in human equivalent therapeutic doses although it is not statistically significant. Hence, although any life threatening side effect has not been noticed in the mice, its use should be judged before advocating prolonged dosage.
ABSTRACT
Background: An observational study was done on 380 patients (180 male and 200 female) whose abdominal USG was found normal and no disorder was diagnosed which alters the size of spleen to estimate normal linear dimensions of spleen in North-west Ethiopa adult population. Methods: The study was conducted between October 2017 and February, 2018 in the University of Gondar Hospital, Ethiopia. Informed verbal consent was taken. The sonographic measurements of spleen length, width and thickness were performed on both genders. Results: Two – tailed t-test analysis indicated a statistically significant difference (p<0.0001) between mean splenic dimensions (length, width, thickness, and volume) of male and female subjects. In all measurements, the mean spleen dimensions of male were greater than female. Conclusion: The present study provided the normal reference value and range of adult spleen size in both genders for the adults of Northwest Ethiopia, which will be useful for clinical assessment of spleen under any pathological conditions.
ABSTRACT
Background: Spleen is a firm organ about the size of a clenched fist and is the largest member of lymphoid organs. Splenomegaly is enlargement of the spleen seen in a number of pathological conditions. These can be infections, haematological disorders, infiltrative states and immunological and malignant diseases. In Ethiopia, study of spleen size of the adult population was not reported previously. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the standard range of spleen size among different adult age groups in Northwest, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study design was performed at the University of Gondar, hospital from October 2017 to February 2018. By obtaining informed verbal consent sonographic measurements of spleenlength, width and thickness were performed on 380 subjects. Results: A total of 380 adults comprising 180 (47%) males and 200 (53%) females were recruited. Of the subjects, 186 (49%) and 194 (51%) were urban and rural residents, respectively. The mean splenic length, width and thickness were 9.95 cm (±1.24), 4.3 (±.73), and 3.8 (±.87), respectively. Conclusion: The present study provided the normal reference value of adult spleen size for the adults of Northwest Ethiopia, which will be useful for clinical assessment of spleen under any pathological conditions