ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to explore gaming disorders and intervention strategies. The prevalence of gaming disorder is 5% to 10%， which is relatively high， and it is more harmful and difficult to treat. The article discussed the mechanism of addiction， the characteristics of addiction， the concept of Internet addiction， diagnostic criteria， and intervention strategies.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To determine the clinical characteristics and cognitive dysfunction of bipolar depression and unipolar depression.@*METHODS@#Fifty patients with unipolar depression, 48 bipolar depression, and 50 normal controls were assessed with Hamilton Depression Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Life Events Scale, and The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. General demographic data, clinical data, and the scores of recognitive function in the 3 groups were compared.@*RESULTS@#The patients with bipolar depression occured at young age and had obvious family history compared with those with unipolar depression. The patients with bipolar or unipolar disorders had lower scores in most neuropsychological tests than those in the control group (P<0.05). The patients with bipolar depression in understanding memory and Wisconsin card sorting test were worse than those with unipolar depression (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#There is cognitive dysfunction in patients with bipolar or unipolar disorder. Understanding memory and executive function damage may be cognitive features in bipolar disorder.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Bipolar Disorder , Diagnosis , China , Cognition , Physiology , Cognition Disorders , Depressive Disorder , Diagnosis , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To determine the long-term effect and security of refractory schizophrenia with brain stereotaxis multi-target therapy technique.@*METHODS@#A total of 87 patients with refractory schizophrenia were treated with brain stereotaxis multi-target therapy and were followed up over 2 years. The scores of Clinical Global Impression, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale, Actives of Daily Living, and Social Disability Screening Schedule were compared before and after the operation.@*RESULTS@#Of the 87 patients, 40 obviously improved, 24 improved, 12 improved little, 7 did not change. None grew worse, 1 died, and 3 shed. There was a significant difference in the scales before and after the operation (P<0.01). No severe complications and sequelae occurred.@*CONCLUSION@#Stereotaxic multi-target therapy is effective and safe for refractory schizophrenia. After the operation, drug therapy should be maintained and recovery of social function is helpful.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Brain , General Surgery , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale , Follow-Up Studies , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Schizophrenia , General Surgery , Stereotaxic TechniquesABSTRACT
Objectives To explore the brain white matter integrity among the patients with buprenorphine tables,scopolamine and promethazine solution(BSP) dependence after abstinence.Methods BSP-dependent patients( n=16)and age/eduction-matched healthy control subjects ( n=18) were assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) after 3 days,1 month and 2 months of abstinence.White matter (WM) integrity was measured with DTI as fractional anisotropy ( FA),an index of intravoxel orientational coherence of white matter fibers.Results Compared with health controls,FA values were significantly lower in frontal,parietal,temporal and corpus callosum in the BSP addicts after 3-day withdrawal (P＜0.001,uncorrected).Increased FA values in left superior frontal cortex,right medial frontal gyms and fight inferior parietal gyrus were found in BSP users after 2 months of abstinence (P ＜0.001,uncorrected).However,no significant difference was found between these BSP addicts after 1-month abstince.Compared with health controls,BSP dependent subjects still exhibited significantly lower FA in the corpus callosum,frontal,parietal and temporal WM after 2-month withdrawal (P ＜ 0.001,uncorrected ).Conclusion The abnormalities showed less recovery in BSP dependent individuals with abstinence in white matter that suggests that rehabilitation time should be further prolonged for BSP addicts and emphasis cognitive-behavioral therapy to assist BSP abusers rebuild social functions.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To study mechanisms of terguride on the treatment of herion dependence. METHODS Adult male SD rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups: normal control group, saline treatment during heroin use period group, terguride treatment during heroin use period group, saline treatment during heroin reinstatement period group, terguride treatment during heroin reinstatement period group, the last 4 groups established heroin intravenous self administration and cue induced reinstatement models, and after interfernce and perfusion to get the following five brain regions [including ventral tegmental area (VTA)]sections. The expression of dopamine D2 receptor protein and mRNA, prodynorphin protein and preprodynorphin mRNA was detected by immunohistochemistry and hybridization in situ. RESULTS The expression of dopamine D2 receptor was downregulated during heroin use period and upregulated during heroin reinstatement period in nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSH) region, the expression of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA was parallelled with the protein expression approximately, terguride could downregulate the high expression of receptor protein during reinstatement. The expression of dopamine D2 receptor protein and mRNA was upregulated during heroin reinstatement period in central nucleus amygdalae (CeA) region, and terguride could downregulate this high expression. The expression of dopamine D2 receptor protein and mRNA was upregulated during heroin use period and downregulated during heroin reinstatement period in CA1 region of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), terguride could downregulate the high expression of mRNA during heroin reinstatement period. The expression of dynorphin protein and mRNA was upregulated during heroin reinstatement period, terguride could downregulate this high expression. The expression of dynorphin protein was upregulated during heroin reinstatement period, and terguride could downregulate this high expression. CONCLUSION The activity of mesolimbic dopamine is boosted up during heroin use period and depressed during reinstatement period, terguride can regulate this dysregulation. The activity of dynorphin is boosted up during cue induced reinstatement, and terguride has the downregulation effect. So the preclinic study demonstrated that terguride has the potential benefit in heroin dependence.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish the rats model of different susceptibility of heroin addiction,and to explore the possible dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) and dopamine transptor (DAT) mechanism leading to the different susceptibility. Methods 130 male SD rats were carried out CPP training,and the rats were randomly assigned into heroin exposure group (n = 100) and saline control group (SC, n = 30). Heroin exposure group were re-classified into two groups according to the numerical value of the CPP-Pre (the testing score minus that of the pretest):high preference group(HP group) and low preference group(LP group) ,each accounting for 30% of the total rats.The D2R and DAT protein expression of high and low preference group and saline control group rats were detectedwith immunohistochemical method in PFC at 30 minutes and on the 1st,3rd,7th, 14th days after the last injection(149.33 ±2.51 vs 135.83 ±1.78 vs99.33 ±2.84,141.83 ±2.50 vs 131.67 ± 1.87 vs99.17 ±3.61,132.83 ±2.40 vs 122.00 ±2.67 vs 100.33 ±4.26,125.67 ±2.22 vs 113.17 ±2.81 vs 98.33 ±3.25,116.86 ± 1.94 vs 108.63 ± 2.31 vs 98.17 ± 3.82 , respectively, P＜0.05). The D2R protein expressions of HP rats were significantly lower than those of the LP and control group rats (P ＜ 0. 05), and those of LP rat were than lower than those ferent among three groups on addiction phase and 1st,3rd days after the last injection of heroin respectively, respectively (P ＜ 0. 05). The DAT protein expressions of HP and LP rats were significantly lower than those of controlgroup rats (P＜ 0. 05). At all testing time-points, the DAT protein expressions had no significant difference betweenHP and LP group(P＞0. 05). Conclusion D2R and DAT of the rats show appears down-regulation in the PFC after chronic heroin exposure. Different individuals have different D2R sensitivity or receptor levels ,and lower D2R related to the high susceptibility to heroin. Susceptibility to heroin addiction may not be directly related to the expression of DAT.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate changes of synaptic interface structural in the hippocampus Cal in high and low conditioned place preference(CPP) rats after chronic morphine treatment.Methods The male SD rats were randomly distributed to experiment group 130 cases(intraperitoneal injected morphine twice a day for ten days in an ascending dosage schedule) and control group 30 cases(injected saline of the same volume at same time).The rats in experiment group were re-classified into high preference group(HP),middle group and low preference group(LP) according to the numerical value of the CPP.The middle group was rejected.The rats in HP and LP were scarified at the time of 3h,3d and 14d after the last injection.The hippocampus Cal were removed and prepared for electron microscope specimen.The synaptie interface structure parameter were analyzed by image processing technique.Results ①No significant difference of pretest scores staying at the non-preference chambet existed among the three groups(F=0.78,P=0.47).However,the test scores of the CPP minus the time stayed at pretest natural preference in the high group was significantly higher than that of the low group(P=0.00).②At the 3h and 3d,the PSD of the high group((15.20±-3.65)nm) was significantly lower than low group((17.63±6.61)nm,P<0.01);the synaptic cleft of high group((5.77±2.08)nm) was significantly higher than low group ((4.92±1.65)nm,P<0.05).At the 14d,the PSD of the high group((16.22±4.93)nm) was significantly lower than low group((18.42±3.78)nm,P<0.01).Conclusion In hippocampal Cal area the synaptic cleft in the HP group was higher than that of LP group,the post-synaptic density in the HP group was lower than that of LP group.These changes may be the synaptic basic of the different susceptibility.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish models of different susceptibility of heroin-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats and investigate the relation between novel environmental response and heroin-dependent susceptibility. Methods After an open-field test, 70 male Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into 2 groups according to the numerical value of heroin-induced CPP, each accounting for 30%. The correlation between open-field test and CPP was analyzed. Results CPP value was much higher than pre-test scores in the rats after exposure to heroin (P<0.01). Compared with the low-CPP group, the high-CPP group had much higher scores in open-field test (P<0.01). The deviation of resident time at natural preference side tested and pre-tested had positive correlation with open-field test (P<0.05). Conclusion Heroin-induced CPP model of different susceptibilities could be successfully established by chronic heroin exposure. The novel environmental response is a reliable predictor for its vulnerability to develop heroin dependence.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate whether the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2A)gene T102 C polymorphism is associated with the severity symptoms and negative symptoms in the first episode Chinese Han nationality patients with schizophrenia. Methods Altogether 201 first episode Chinese Han nationality patients with schizophrenia were enrolled in this study. Genotyping of 5-HT2A gene T102 C polymorphism was performed by PCR-RFLP technique. The positive and negative Symptom Scale ( PANSS ) was used for the evaluation of the severity of psychotic symptoms before any drug treat-ment. Results 5-HT2A receptor 102-T/T genotype was significantly associated with both the PANSS total and negative symptom subscale baseline scores before the treatment, but not with the positive and general psychopathology subscales. Conclusion 5-HT2A T102 C functional polymorphism may play a role in negative symptoms and prognosis of Chinese Han nationality people with schizophrenia.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the possible mechanism for the different CPI susceptibili-ties. Methods Using a conditioned place preference (CPP) model, rats were selected into high and low preference groups. Using in situ hybridization, we examined the mRNA expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT) and 5 -hydroxytryptamine 1 A receptor (5-HT1 AR) in 3 cruci-al regions in addiction, namely the ventral tegmental area (VTA) , the nucleus accumbens (NAc) ,and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) , during the dependence and withdrawal. Results During dependence state, the expression of 5-HTT mRNA in each of the regions in the high preference group was significantly lower than that of the low preference group, while higher expression of 5-HT1AR mRNA in each of the regions in the high preference group than that of the low preference group was found (P<0.05). During withdrawal state, the expression of 5-HTT mRNA in each of the regions in high preference group was significantly higher than that of the low preference group, while lower expres-sion of 5-HTIAR mRNA in each of the regions in the high preference group than that of the low prefe-rence group was found (P<0.05). Conclusion 5-HTT and 5-HT1 AR may play a role in diffe-rences in susceptibility to morphine.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate early diagnosis,treatment and prev ention of tibia fatigue fracture. Methods From August 1988 to July 1999, 66 case s of tibia fatigue fracture were treated with exposure to the irradiation of Zho u Lin Spectrum Treatment Device, plaster splintage, according to their different clinic characteristics and results of X-gram.Results The 66 cases were followe d up for an average of 6 months. The result was excellent in 50 cases, good in 1 6, with the excellent and good rates of 100%. Conclusions As a result of a chro nic course of accumulative injury, the tibia fatigue fracture develops from quan titative changes to qualitative changes. It is essential for medical workers to have a good knowledge of the classification and features of the condition. It is also important for the army to make scientific and reasonable training plans fo r the soldiers.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the use patterns, initial abuse age, initial abuse reasons and the demographic characteristic of opiates abusers at six areas in Hunan Province. Methods: Combined stratified cluster-sampling, household and cue investigation, 370 opiate abusers from 68 192 community residents aged between 15 and 50 years were interviewed. Results:About 95% opiate abuses reported that they had abused heroin in their life time, and the other had abused dolantin and/or methadone. Inhalation and Injection were the first two ways of administration (81.4% and 38.6%). The average initial abuse age was 27?6 years, 90.2% abuses reported that they had abused illicit drug before 35 years. Curiosity, peer pressures and exciting seeking were the first three main reasons of initial abuse (75.1%, 72.7% and 56.5%, respectively). Opiates abusers tended to be male (87.3%), young people aged below 35 years (71.1%), and 78.7% of the abusers got only junior school or below education. Subjects with unstable occupation and marital status had higher use rate than those with stable ones.Conclusion:Heroin was the major opiates abused, the main administration was inhalation and injection in Hunan Province. Young and middle aged male with low educational level or without stable occupation or marital status were the majority of opiates abusers.