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ObjectiveTo detect the flexibility differences of Plasmodium berghei K173 （PbK173）-infected red blood cells with varying degrees of sensitivity to artemisinin-based drugs and to preliminarily explore the underlying mechanisms of the differences. MethodA total of 102 specific-pathogen-free （SPF） male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups， with 30 mice each in the control group and PbK173-resistant （PbK173-R） group， and 42 mice in the PbK173-sensitive （PbK173-S） group. Except for the control group， the rest groups were vaccinated with 1×107 PbK173-S/PbK173-R infected red blood cells to establish a mouse malaria model. During the administration and recovery periods （control group， PbK173-R/PbK173-S）， dihydroartemisinin （DHA， 40 mg·kg-1） and malaridine （MD， 6 mg·kg-1） were administered continuously for four days. Peripheral blood was taken from the PbK173-S/PbK173-R groups with an infection rate equal to or greater than 20%. Peripheral blood and each organ were taken on the first day at the end of administration （dosing period） and on the fifth day at the end of administration （recovery period）， and blood parameters and organ indices of each group were examined. The osmotic fragility of peripheral blood red blood cells in each group was detected using the red blood cell osmotic fragility test. Western blot was applied to determine the levels of Piezo1 and Band3 proteins in the red blood cell membrane. ResultDuring the administration and recovery periods， there were no significant differences between the PbK173-S MD group and the DHA group. During the administration period， there were no significant differences in hematological parameters between PbK173-S and PbK173-R in the MD group. However， during the recovery period， the red blood cell count， hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit of the PbK173-R group were significantly higher than those of the PbK173-S group （P<0.05） in the MD group. Compared with that of the control group， the osmotic fragility of the PbK173-S/PbK173-R groups was significantly enhanced （P<0.01）， and the osmotic fragility of the PbK173-S group was significantly stronger than that of the PbK173-R group （P<0.01）. The osmotic fragility of red blood cells in the PbK173-S group during the administration period was significantly stronger than that in the control group and PbK173-R group during the administration period （P<0.01）. The osmotic fragility of red blood cells in the PbK173-R group during the recovery period was significantly higher than that in the control group during the administration period and the PbK173-S group during the recovery period （P<0.05）. Compared with those in the control group， the Piezo1 protein and Band3 protein in the red blood cell membrane of the PbK173-S group were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Compared with those in the PbK173-R group， the Piezo1 protein and Band 3 protein in the red blood cell membrane of the PbK173-S group were significantly reduced. ConclusionThe flexibility of PbK173-infected red blood cells with different sensitivities to artemisinins differed. Plasmodium-infected red blood cells significantly reduced the levels of Piezo1 and Band3 proteins in the red blood cell membrane， and the erythrocyte flexibility exhibited a decreasing trend in the following order： normal group， PbK173-R group， and PbK173-S group.
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ObjectiveTo observe the intervention effect of artesunate （ART） and Qingfei Paidu decoction （QFPD） on the mouse model of cytokine storm （CS） induced by viral mimic Poly （I∶C）. MethodEighty-four SPF male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into seven groups， with 12 mice in each group. Mice， except for those in the blank group （n=12）， were subjected to CS model induction by tail vein injection of Poly （I∶C） at 15 mg·kg-1， followed by drug treatments of low-dose ART （ART-l， 10 mg·kg-1）， medium-dose ART （ART-m， 20 mg·kg-1）， high-dose ART （ART-h， 40 mg·kg-1）， Qingfei Paidu Decoction （QFPD， 2.4 g·kg-1）， and dexamethasone （DXM， 10 mg·kg-1）. After 6 hours， lung tissues， bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF）， spleen， lung， and peripheral blood were collected. The lung and spleen indexes were calculated and the number of inflammatory cells in BALF was detected. The pathological changes in lung tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interferon-γ （IFN-γ）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and IL-6 in BALF were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The expression of immune cells in BALF and peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry. ResultThe analysis of lung and spleen indexes showed that compared with the blank group， the model group showed increased lung and spleen indexes to varying degrees （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the ART groups showed reduced spleen index （P<0.05） and the ART-l group showed reduced lung index （P<0.05）. Additionally， the QFPD group showed reduced lung and spleen indexes （P<0.05）. ELISA results showed that except for TNF-α， the levels of IFN-γ， IL-1β， and IL-6 in the model group increased compared with those in the blank group （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the ART-l group and the QFPD group showed reduced content of TNF-α （P<0.05）， and all groups with drug intervention showed reduced content of IFN-γ， IL-1β， and IL-6 （P<0.05）. The number of inflammatory cells in BALF showed a downward trend in the model group， and the number of cells increased in the groups with drug intervention except for the DXM group （P<0.05）. Flow cytometry showed that compared with the blank group， the model group showed decreased number of CD3 in the peripheral blood （P<0.05）， increased Ly-6G and F4/80 （P<0.05）， decreased expression of CD45， CD3， and F4/80 in BALF （P<0.05）， and increased expressions of Ly-6G （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the ART groups and QFPD group showed increased CD45 content in peripheral blood （P<0.05）， decreased Ly-6G and F4/80 content （P<0.05）， increased CD45 and F4/80 content in BALF （P<0.05）， and decreased expression of Ly-6G （P<0.05）. ConclusionART and QFPD have a good protective effect on Poly （I∶C）-induced CS in mice， and the mechanism is related to the effective intervention in immune cell disorder.
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Objective To assess the effects of caffeine use in apnea of prematurity (AOP) in the early stage (caffeine was used within 3 days after birth) versus late stage (caffeine was used 4 to 10 days after birth ) . Methods Medline, Science Direct, Elsevier, Embase, CBMdisc and Wanfang databases were retrieved to incorporate studies that met the inclusion criteria. The retrieval time limit was from the establishment of the databases to November, 2015. References that were in line with the inclusion criteria were selected and relevant conference data were collected by manual retrieval. Two researchers conducted meta-analysis using software RevMan 5. 2 after independent data selection, information extraction and quality evaluation according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results One randomized controlled trial and four retrospective cohort studies were included. A total of 59 288 patients were involved. Meta-analysis suggested that, compared with caffeine use in the late stage, the early stage group showed significant lower incidence ( P < 0. 05 ) of mortality, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity and surgical intervention of patent ductus arteriosus. No significant difference (OR = 0. 98, 95% CI 0. 72 - 1. 33, P = 0. 881) was observed between the 2 groups in terms of the incidence of necrotic enterocolitis. Conclusions Patients with AOP should start caffeine treatment as early as possible, which significantly decreases mortality rate and the occurrence of other complications with little adverse reactions and good clinical tolerance.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on the severe cases of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD).Methods Eighty-six cases of severe HFMD admitted to our hospital between Apr 2009 and Aug 2010 were divided into two groups based on the time when admitted to our hospital.Thirty-eight cases (group A,Apr to Jul,2009) received routine treatment and 48 cases (group B,Apr to Aug,2010) were ventilated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure based on routine treatment.The difference of the total efficiency was compared between two groups.Results Twenty-five out of 38 patients were cured,six showed improved signs,and seven showed no improvement in group A,of which the total efficiency was 81.5％.Forty out of 48 patients were cured,seven showed improved signs,and one showed no improvement in group B,of which the total efficiency was 97.9％.The clinical effect of group B was much better than group A and the difference was statistically significant ( x2 =6.71,P ＜0.05).Conclusion Early nasal continuous positive airway pressure has most valuable effect on HFMD and is helpful in preventing -HFMD from getting worse.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the dynamic changes of dry material accumulation and platycodin D content in Platycodon grandiflorum in different planting densities.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Five different planting densities M1 (4 cm x 25 cm), M2 (6 cm x 25 cm), M3 (8 cm x 25 cm), M4 (10 cm x 25 cm) and M5 (12 cm x 25 cm) were designed in the plot experiment. The individual and colony biomass accumulation, dry material distribution, root yield and platycodin D content were measured in different stage.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>In a certain density range the individual biomass in P. grandiflorum obviously declined with increasing density with the exception of biomass M2 > biomass M3. On the contrary, the colony biomass increased with the increasing density. Dry material accumulation in each organ in P. grandiflorum in different planting densities showed significance (P<0.05). The dry material distribution in organs in the different planting densities showed significance (P<0.05), and the dry material distribution in flower and fruit reached the minimal level in M2, in the same planting density the distribution in root reached the maximal; The dry material in stem, flower and fruit obviously declined with the increasing density, while the dry material in leaf increased. The individual root output increased with the increasing density, and it reached the highest in M2. The colony root yield increased with the increasing density. The platycodin D content in P. grandiflorum reached the highest in M2.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The result showed that a suitable planting density is very important to P. grandiflorum dry material accumulation and distribution, root yield, platycodin D content and colony yield.</p>
Subject(s)
Plant Structures , Metabolism , Platycodon , Metabolism , Saponins , Metabolism , Seasons , Triterpenes , MetabolismABSTRACT
To study the morphological characteristics of hepatic stem cells and the expression of HGF, IGF-I, TGFbeta1 and their receptors in human embryonic livers at 3-5 weeks of gestation. The SABC immunohistochemical method with HE counterstaining was employed. We found that the hepatic bud formed at the end of the 3rd week. At the 4th week, the cells of hepatic bud migrated into the septum transversum mesenchyme and formed the hepatic cords. The hepatic cells at 3-4 weeks displayed the typical characteristics of immature cells: small size, a round or ovoid nucleus with dark color, scant cytoplasm with slight blue and a high ratio of nuclei/cytoplasm. They were positive for alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), c-Met and negative for cytokertin 19 (CK19), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). At the 5th week, compared to those at the 4th week, the number of cells within the hepatic cords increased. But the cells at the 5th week were homogeneous and displayed the typical characteristic of immature cells. Those cells began to express PCNA at the 5th week. The hepatic cells at the 5th week were positive for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and their receptors, and were negative for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), while HGF were positive in the cardiac cells and septum transversum mesenchyme. The results indicated that the cells of hepatic bud and cords were the hepatic stem cells. The difference of morphology and proteins expression at 3-5 weeks of gestation inferred that those stem cells belong to different developmental stage. AFP and c-Met were the markers of hepatic stem cells at the early stage of human embryo. HGF, IGF-I, TGFbeta1 and their receptors may involve in regulating the development of early embryonic human liver.
Subject(s)
Humans , Embryo, Mammalian , Gestational Age , Hepatocyte Growth Factor , Genetics , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I , Genetics , Liver , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met , Genetics , Receptor, IGF Type 1 , Genetics , Stem Cells , Cell Biology , Transforming Growth Factor beta , Genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta1ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the expression of interleukin-18(IL-18) and signal transducers and activators of transcription 5(STAT5)in retina of 4-24-week-old diabetic rats, and explore the potential molecular mechanisms involved in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods Retinal gene expression profile of healthy and 8-week-old diabetic rats was established with restriction fragment differential display-polymerase chained reaction (RFDD-PCR), and the differences was analyzed by bioinformatics. IL-18 and STAT5 were filtrated as the candidate genes of DR. The expression of IL-18 and STAT5 in retina of diabetic rats with the age of 4, 8, and 24 weeks was observed by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Results The result of RFDD-PCR showed:expression of IL-18 was higher in healthy retina than that in diabetic one; expression of STAT5 was not found in healthy rats but in diabetic ones. The result of RT-PCR showed:compared with the normal, high expression of IL-18 was found in 4-week diabetic retina, reduced in 8-week one, and decreased to the lowest in 24-week one. The expression of STAT5 was not observed in healthy or 4-week diabetic retina, but occurred in 8-week one, and increased in 24-week one. Conclusion The expression of IL-18 and the activation of STAT5 may relate to the occurrance of DR. The expression of IL-18 doesn′t depend on the activation of STAT5.
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Objective To prepare sustained-release danshensu microcapsules by spray drying.Methods Encapsulation efficiency of different coating materials was compared.The spray process was optimized using a central composite design for two variables to obtain microcapsules with microcapsules yield.Furthermore, in vitro release of danshensu microcapsules was determined.Results PVA was chosen as coating material and the ratio of coating material to core material was 3:1.The inlet air temperature was 190℃,the feed flow rate was 36 r/min,encapsulation efficiency was 85.0%,and microcapsules yield was 56.1%.The particle size of more than 70%microcapsules was between 6—12?m.Conclusion The optimized conditions of spray drying are reasonable,danshensu microcapsules can be used as sustained-release preparation.