ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: How to regulate the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor from dental pulp stem cells is of great significance for promoting dental pulp regeneration by dental pulp stem cells, especially promoting dentinogenesis, dental pulp angiogenesis and neurogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To review the factors affecting the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor from dental pulp stem cells, providing ideas for pulp regeneration and other clinical applications. METHODS: We searched the articles in PubMed, CNKI, WanFang databases with the keywords of “vascular endothelial growth factor; dental pulp stem cell; dental pulp regeneration; hypoxia; inflammatory mediator; bacterial virulence factor; growth factor; material” in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally, 56 articles met the criteria for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Vascular endothelial growth factor is the most important cytokine in angiogenesis and neovasculization, which promotes the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells as well as protecting nerves and promoting neurogenesis. Dental pulp stem cells are the most important stem cells in dental pulp tissues. They are also important seed cells in pulp regeneration. Dental pulp stem cells have biological characteristics such as high proliferation, self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation, and have certain secretory activities, which can be used as an alternative source of exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor. A variety of factors, such as hypoxia, bacterial virulence factors, inflammatory factors, growth factors and materials, are associated with the cytokine secretion activity of dental pulp stem cells, which can affect the expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in dental pulp stem cells. Therefore, increasing concern has been emphasized on the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor ecpression and secretion in dental pulp stem cells and the better use in pulp regeneration.
ABSTRACT
A subset of mammalian genes differ functionally between two alleles due to genomic imprinting, and seven such genes (Peg3, Usp29, APeg3, Zfp264, Zim1, Zim2, Zim3) are localized within the 500-kb genomic interval of the human and mouse genomes, constituting the Peg3 imprinted domain. This Peg3 domain shares several features with the other imprinted domains, including an evolutionarily conserved domain structure, along with transcriptional co-regulation through shared cis regulatory elements, as well as functional roles in controlling fetal growth rates and maternal-caring behaviors. The Peg3 domain also displays some unique features, including YY1-mediated regulation of transcription and imprinting; conversion and adaptation of several protein-coding members as ncRNA genes during evolution; and its close connection to human cancers through the potential tumor suppressor functions of Peg3 and Usp29. In this review, we summarize and discuss these features of the Peg3 domain.