ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The retinoid-related orphan receptor A (RORA) gene has been reported to have an impact on circadian rhythm regulation. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the RORA gene polymorphism and diurnal preference in Korean young adults. METHODS: A population of 504 young adults was included in the study. All subjects were given and completed a 13-item composite scale for morningness (CSM). The RORA gene rs11071547 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was genotyped by PCR-based methods. RESULTS: CSM score was not associated with genotype or allele carrier status of the RORA rs11071547 SNP. CONCLUSION: This result indicates that the RORA rs11071547 SNP does not play a role in diurnal preference.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Young Adult , Alleles , Child, Orphaned , Circadian Rhythm , GenotypeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Growing tumors adapt to a hypoxic environment and increase anaerobic glycolysis. This metabolic switch is related to aggressive behavior. We investigated the relationship between glycolytic metabolism biomarkers associated with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and prognosis. METHODS: We performed immunohistochemical staining of HIF-1alpha, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 1 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 5 in 74 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) who had received curative radical resection. RESULTS: High reactivity of HIF-1alpha, PDK 1 and LDH 5 was observed in 29 (39.2%), 32 (43.2%) and 54 (73.0%) patients, respectively. Expression levels of the three biomarkers were significantly correlated. All three markers were highly expressed in 16 (21.6%) patients. Elevated expression of the three markers was associated with increased invasiveness (p = 0.043) and recurrence (p = 0.017) of tumors. In survival analysis, upregulation of the three markers was additionally associated with shorter disease free survival (DFS, p = 0.001) and overall survival (OS, p = 0.002). High expression of all three markers was a strong independent prognostic factor for DFS (p = 0.030) and OS (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Oral SCC with altered glycolytic metabolism exhibits a more invasive and aggressive phenotype. Our results indicate that glycolytic metabolism biomarkers related to HIF-1alpha may be independent prognostic factors in patients with oral SCC.