ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: Chile lidera el porcentaje de aumento de nuevas infecciones de VIH en Latinoamérica. Objetivo: Caracterizar los nuevos diagnósticos de infección por VIH/SIDA y describir la evolución de las tasas en las regiones durante el período 2010-2019. Métodos: Diseño ecológico. Se utilizó los casos de infección por VIH/SIDA obtenidos del ISP y las estimaciones de población del INE. Las variables fueron año, sexo, edad, nacionalidad y región. Se describió la muestra en número y porcentajes, se estimó la incidencia y se evaluó la tendencia con el modelo Prais Winsten. Se utilizó Stata V.14 y ArcGis versión 10 en los mapas. Resultados: El 84,3% (38.863/46.125) fueron hombres. La mediana de edad fue 30 y 34 años en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. La incidencia aumentó hasta el año 2018, y presentó una leve disminución en el 2019. Las tasas aumentaron, en ambos sexos, en todas las edades y regiones. A diferencia de la población nacional, los casos en inmigrantes aumentaron y alcanzaron a 40% en el 2019, evidenciando un franco incremento en adultos jóvenes, con predominio de la nacionalidad venezolana 35,2% y haitiana 22%. La tendencia de las tasas mostró un aumento significativo en hombres y una distribución heterogénea en magnitud en todas las regiones. Conclusiones: Existen cambios en la epidemiología del VIH y especial vulnerabilidad en jóvenes, mujeres, inmigrantes y adultos mayores.
Abstract Background: Chile leads the percentage increase of new HIV infections in Latin America. Aim: To characterize new diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and describe the rates evolution in the regions during the 2010-2019 period. Methods: Ecological design. The HIV/AIDS cases used were obtained from the ISP (Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile) and the population estimates from the INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas). The variables studied were year, sex, age, nationality, and region. The sample was described in numbers and percentages, then, the incidence was estimated and the trend was evaluated with the Prais Winsten model. Stata V.14 and ArcGis version 10 were used for the maps. Results: 84.3% (38,863/46,125) were men. The median for age were 30 and 34 years for men and women, respectively. The incidence increased until 2018 and showed a slight decrease in 2019. The rates increased for both sexes and all ages. Unlike the national population, immigrant's cases increased and reached 40% in 2019, with a frank increase in young adults, with a predominance for Venezuelan (35,2) and Haitian (22%) nationals. According to region, all the samples showed a rate increase with a heterogeneous distribution in statistically significant magnitude in men. Conclusions: There are changes in the epidemiology of HIV and special vulnerability in young people, women, immigrants and the elderly.
ABSTRACT
Resumen: Introducción: La mortalidad infantil depende del nivel de desarrollo económico, social y cultural del área de residencia. Objetivo: Describir las tasas de mortalidad infantil (TMI) y mortalidad infantil tardía (TMIT) de las comunas de la Región Metropolitana (RM) y evaluar su tendencia en el perio do 2005-2014. Material y Método: Estudio ecológico que describe las tasas en las 52 comunas de la Región Metropolitana (RM). Para el análisis se construyó la TMI y TMIT para cada año y comuna y se compararon mediante riesgo atribuible poblacional (RAP), Riesgo atribuible porcentual (RAP%) y razón de tasas (RT). Las tendencias se evaluaron con el modelo Prais-Winsten. Se consideró una tendencia estadísticamente significativa un valor p < 0,05. Resultados: La comuna de Independencia mostró la TMI y TMIT más altas con 12,7 y 4,05 por mil RNV respectivamente; 1,75 y 2,05 veces comparado con la TMI y TMIT de la RM. Las tasas más bajas se observaron en Las Condes (TMI) y en Vitacura (TMIT). La tendencia de la TMI respecto al 2005 aumentó en Lo Barnechea, Lo Espejo y Recoleta y disminuyó en Las Condes, Macul, Pudahuel y San Bernardo. La TMIT disminuyó en Peñalolén, Puente Alto, Las Condes, Providencia, San Bernardo, Macul, Pudahuel, Talagante, Pedro Aguirre Cerda y Quilicura y aumentó en Peñaflor. Conclusión: La TMI y la TMIT regional ocultan el leve incremento de las tasas y la persistencia de la heterogeneidad entre las comunas, lo que obliga a explorar las causas de estas inequidades en estudios analíticos a futuro.
Abstract: Introduction: Infant mortality depends on the economic, social, and cultural level of development of the place of residence. Objective: To describe the infant mortality rates (IMR) and the late infant mortality rates (LIMR) of the Metropolitan Region (MR) communes and to evaluate their trend between 2005 and 2014. Material and Method: Ecological study that describes the rates of the 52 communes of the MR. For the analysis, the IMR and LIMR were elaborated for each year and com mune and were compared using population attributable risk (PAR), attributable risk percent (AR%), and rate ratio (RR). Trends were analyzed through the Prais-Winsten model. A value p < 0.05 was considered a statistically significant trend. Results: The commune 'Independencia' presented the hig hest IMR and LIMR with 12.7 and 4.05 per 1000 live births respectively, 1.75 and 2.05 times more compared with the IMR and LIMR of the MR. The commune 'Las Condes' and 'Vitacura' presented the lowest IMR and LIMR respectively. The IMR trend regarding 2005 increased in Lo Barnechea, Lo Espejo, and Recoleta, and decreased in Las Condes, Macul, Pudahuel and San Bernardo. The LIMR decreased in Peñalolén, Puente Alto, Las Condes, Providencia, San Bernardo, Macul, Pudahuel, Tala- gante, Pedro Aguirre Cerda, and Quilicura, and increased in Peñaflor. Conclusion: The regional IMR and LIMR hide the slight increase in rates and the persistence of heterogeneity among communes. This forces us to explore the causes of these inequities through future analytical studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Infant Mortality/trends , Urban Health/trends , Health Status Disparities , Chile/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Background: Oral cancer is the 15th most common cause of cancer death in the world. In Chile, 1% of all cancer deaths are related to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Aim: To determine mortality rates for oral cancer in Chile and its regions between 2002-2012. Material and Methods: Deaths and their causes between the years 2002-2012 were obtained from the Chilean National Statistics Institute. Crude and adjusted rates by age and sex were calculated for the country and its regions. The denominator was Chilean population on June 30, 2012 and the WHO standard population. Results: In the period studied, 1,611 individuals with a mean age of 67.6 years (63% men) died because of oral cancer. The most common location of the tumor was the tongue in 27% of cases and the parotid gland in 16%. The adjusted mortality rate in Chile was 0.85 / 100,000 inhabitants (1.13 and 0.58 in men and women, respectively). The regions with the highest rates were Antofagasta (1.51), Aysén (1.22) and Magallanes (1.17). Deaths among men occurred at younger ages than women. Conclusions: Mortality rates due to oral cancer in Chile are lower than abroad. The highest rates observed in some regions may be influenced by environmental factors such as arsenic contamination in Antofagasta and the lack of specialists and specialized care centers in Aysén and Magallanes.