changing patterns of bilharzial bladder cancer and its treatment outcome, NCI, Cairo University experience

Bilharzial bladder cancer [B.B.C] is a major health problem. 11 Egypt, as well as some African and Asian countries it represents a distinct clinicopathologic disease. Tumors are usually advanced at presentation, they can be either of squamous or transitional cell carcinoma type, on the background of bilharzial cystitis. Bilharzial bladder cancer is a preventable malignancy, through eradication of the schistosomal infestation. Management is mainly surgical, with median 5 years survival about 48%. This article will try to explore clinicopathologic aspects as well as treatment options of such cases

In Vitro Biliary Lithotripsy By Q-switched Versus Continuous Wave Nd/YAG Laser

In this work, the role of the Q-switched and continuous wave [CW] Nd:YAG laser biliary lithotripsy was studied. A total of 120 biliary stones was randomly divided into two groups [A and B], which were conducted to CW and Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, respectively. A radiological and spectroscopic examination was done. Gall bladder wall exposure to both laser techniques was done, then was subjected to gross and microscopic examination. During Q-switched technique at the same volume of cholesterol stones, the fragmenting pulse number was inversely proportionate to the spectroscopic calcium [Ca%] content of the stones. Moreover, the thermal effect of both techniques on the gall bladder wall was evaluated. It can be concluded that CW has a hazardous thermal effect on the soft tissue surroundings which limits its use in biliary lithotripsy. The Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is an effective and safe method for biliary lithotripsy. The fragmenting pulse number depends on the pigment content of the stones. In cholesterol stones, the fragmentation pulse number is inversely proportionate to the Ca content of the stone