Organizational determinants of mental health among hospital clinicians

Background: Bringing the psychologically unhealthy personnel is one of the organizational damages and is considerable for organizations like the hospitals which deal with life and health of the people. This study was aimed to investigate the relationships of perceived organizational justice and quality of working life with mental health among hospital clinicians

Methods: This is an analytical and cross-sectional study done in 2015-2017. A total of 423 clinical personnel of the chosen hospitals of Yazd province, Iran were selected via stratified sampling and participated in the study. Required data were gathered using Nihoff and Mormen [1993], Walton [1973] and Goldberg and Hiller [1979] questionnaires and were analyzed using the AMUS and SPSS22 and via structural equations method [SEM]

Results: The results show that the perceived organizational justice affects mental health and quality of working life. Also the quality of working life affects the mental health

Conclusion: Findings show that organizations paying attention to the quality of working life and improving the fair behaviors enjoy psychologically healthier employees

prevalence of Alzheimer's disease preventive behaviors in elderly people, Yazd, Iran

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease [AD] is a chronic condition characterized by gradual decline of mental abilities and behavioral disorders, which decreases the quality of life in elderly people. The aim of this study was to evaluate behaviors that may prevent elderly people from AD in Yazd

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 220 people aged from 60 to 70 years in Yazd. Cluster random sampling method was used for selecting the participants. Data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that included demographic information and questions on AD preventive behaviors [physical activity, mental activity, nutrition, and social interaction]. The score range of each part and the overall behavior score was from zero to 100. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software and application of descriptive and inferential statistical methods

Results: The mean score of preventive behaviors was 44.6. The highest mean score [56.48] was for nutrition while the lowest mean score [32.03] was for mental activity. Only 15 % of the studied elderly consumed fruit regularly in their diet, which was followed by consumption of vegetable, 11.4 % and fish 9.1 %. There was a significant positive correlation between education level and behavior score [p < 0.001]. However, there was no statistically significant gender difference [p > 0.05] in mean scores of the overall behavior and scores of married older adults compared to those of divorced or single, had a statistically significant difference [p = 0.007]

Conclusion: The overall AD preventive behaviors in elderly are undesirable, remarkably as noted in physical and mental domains. The majority of participants did not regularly have fruits, vegetables, and fish in their daily and weekly diets. Numerous socio-demographic factors affect these behaviors. More studies are required to identify barriers of healthy behaviors

Clinical education stressors in medical trainees in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd

Introduction: Stress is an important factor in the educational process. Teaching and learning are stressful processes. This stress can affect one's ability and change his/her performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate stressors of clinical education from the perspective of medical students in Yazd University of Medical Sciences

Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted in Yazd University of Medical Science during year 2014-2015. The sample size was 170 medical students who were selected randomly. The data were collected by a questionnaire including four components: interpersonal relationship, educational environment, clinical experience and the unpleasant emotions. A significance level of 0.05 was considered for analysis. The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, ANOVA and T-tests, using SPSS software, version 14.

Results: The results showed that the highest domain score belonged to interpersonal relationship [3.33 +/- 0.3] followed by unpleasant emotions domain [3.3 +/- 0.3]. The lowest domain score of clinical education stressors was educational environment [3.12 +/- 0.1]. The results showed that the mean score of interpersonal relationship domain was more in women than in men [p<0.05]

Conclusion: The relationship between teachers and students is an effective factor in all dimensions of clinical education stressors. So proper measures such as the promotion of scientific awareness of teachers and educational staff about factors that lead to stress and the best way to communicate with students should be taken to reduce the students' stress

Psychometric properties of a protection motivation theory-based questionnaire to assess self-medication in a sample of elderly Iranians

Introduction: The existence of standard tools is one of the basic needs of scientists of healthy behavior for predicting health-related behaviors. The aim of the present study was to design a psychometrically sound instrument to measure the protection motivation theory constructs regarding self-medication for elderly Iranians

Methods: The study was conducted in spring 2016. The sample consisted of 196 Iranians between the ages of 60 and 74. The study took place in Ahvaz, Iran. The instrument included perceived susceptibility, severity, response costs, response efficacy, self-efficacy, rewards, and fear constructs. The qualitative component of the study, which consisted of interviews with experts and a systematic review of the literature, provided the data to write the items for the instrument, followed by determining the content validity. Principal components analysis with Oblique rotation was performed to extract correlated constructs. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin [KMO] and Bartlett's tests were performed to examine the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Cronbach's coefficient alpha was used to estimate the internal consistency of the scales

Results: The KMO test statistic of 0.90 revealed the sampling adequacy for doing factor analysis and Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant [p < 0.001]. Seven constructs were extracted based on Eigenvalues of >/= 1.00 and factor loadings of >/= 0.40. Cronbach's ? for the constructs, namely, perceived susceptibility, severity, response costs, response efficacy, self-efficacy, rewards and fear were 0.84, 0.86, 0.81, 0.82, 0.88, 0.89, and 0.85, respectively. The seven constructs accounted for 69.41% of the variation

Conclusion: The developed scales for measuring the protection motivation theory constructs regarding self-medication have acceptable psychometric properties among elderly Iranians

Construction and validation the lifestyle questionnaire related to cancer

Background: Healthy lifestyle is a significant factor in cancer etiologic and prevention of cancer. There are instruments to measure a healthy life style, but the lifestyle questionnaires only examine one or a few more aspects of lifestyle

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to construct a comprehensive instrument to examine all aspects of lifestyle related to cancer

Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Yazd city in Iran. A questionnaire was designed to assess and measure various aspects of lifestyle related to cancer using similar studies. Researchers used the Cronbach's alpha and test-retest method to determine the reliability. Also, construct validity was determined using the factor analysis method in SPSS 16 software

Results: Face validity was examined using a panel of experts. Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale was appropriate [alpha = 0.87]. Also, Cronbach's alpha for all dimensions of questionnaire was acceptable [perfect score]. Test-retest method was used to determine the reliability. The results indicated that ICC was in the range of 0.84 to 0.94. Based on the obtained results of factor analysis method, 8 dimensions of the questionnaire were extracted [physical health, physical activity and exercise, mental health, drug and alcohol avoidance, balanced consumption of food, environmental pollutants and harmful substances, weight control and nutrition, and reproductive health]

Conclusions: This study showed that the present questionnaire can be used as a valid and reliable tool for collecting data about the lifestyle of people related to cancer

[Study of not eating breakfast and some related demographic factors in 14-18 years old adolescents of Sanandaj in 2013]

Background and Aim: the association between some micronutrients deficiency and mood disorders has been demonstrated in several studies. But, the results of clinical trial regarding the effects of multivitamin complex on mood disorders are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of multivitamin complex supplementation on mood disorder, anxiety and depression in elderlies over 60 years old

Materials and Methods: in this clinical trial, 120 aged people with mild depression were randomly allocated to receive multivitamin complex tablet or placebo once daily with their meal for twelve weeks. At the beginning and end of the study, dietary intake, anthropometric indices and scores of depression, anxiety and mood disorders were assessed

Results: this trial was completed by 114 elderlies after 12 weeks. The mean depression score was not different in two groups after intervention. The mean score of anxiety and mood disorders after intervention did not differ between groups. Similar results were obtained for weight and Body Mass Index. Significant enhancement of energy intake was illustrated by the measurement of participants' dietary intake

Conclusion: the present study revealed that consuming a multivitamin complex in tablet form for 12 weeks had no effect on depression, anxiety and mood disorders in elderlies but can increase their appetite resulting in increase of their energy intake

Prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache in Yazd, Iran

Migraine and Tension-Type Headache [TTH] are the most frequent neurologic disabilities worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache among up to 15 years old. A descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 500 people in Yazd through cluster sampling method. International Headache Society criteria were used for diagnosis of migraine and tension headaches. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression in SPSS 16 were used for data analysis. Migraine and TTH prevalence were respectively 6% and 4.9%. Abnormal sleep patterns were in 66.7% of people with migraine that this relationship was significant. The incidence of nausea and vomiting during migraine were respectively 55.6% and 40.7%. Photophobia in 55.9% and phonophobia in 85.2% of patient with migraine were reported. All of 48.1% of migraine sufferers have attacks with visual aura [P = 0.012] and also 48.1% have attacks with sensory aura. Migraine and TTH prevalence rate is relatively low in this study. However, people with migraine and TTH should be identified and optimally treated

Effect of Carrot Intake in the Prevention of Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE: Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with the incidence and mortality being higher in men than in women. Various studies have shown that eating carrots may play a major role in the prevention of gastric cancer. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the relationship between carrot consumption and gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched multiple databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Persian databases like Scientific Information Database (SID) and IranMedx. The following search terms were used: stomach or gastric, neoplasm or cancer, carcinoma or tumor, and carrot. Statistical analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta Analysis/2.0 software. RESULTS: We retrieved 81 articles by searching the databases. After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 5 articles were included in this study. The odds ratio (OR) obtained by fixed effects model showed that a 26% reduction in the risk of gastric cancer has been associated with the consumption of carrots) OR=0.74; 95% confidence interval=0.68~0.81; P<0.0001). According to funnel graph, the results showed that the possibility of a publication bias does not exist in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study showed an inverse relationship between the consumption of carrots and the risk of gastric cancer.

Laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery versus gonadotropin therapy in infertile women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Some trials have compared laparoscopic ovarian drilling [LOD] with gonadotropins but, because of variations in study design and small sample size, the results are inconsistent and definitive conclusions about the relative efficacy of LOD and gonadotropins cannot be extracted from the individual studies

Objective: To evaluate the relative efficacy of LOD and gonadotropins for infertile women with clomiphene citrate- resistant poly cystic ovary syndrome [PCOS]

Materials and Methods: A complete electronic literature search in databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Google scholar for some specific keywords was accomplished. We contained randomized clinical trials comparing outcomes between LOD, without medical ovulation induction, and gonadotropins

Results: Six trials, covering 499 women, reported on the primary outcome of pregnancy rate. There was no evidence of a difference in pregnancy rate when LOD compared with gonadotropins [OR: 0.534; 95% CI: 0.242-1.176, p=0.119, 6 trials, 499 women, I2=73.201%]. There was evidence of significantly fewer live births following LOD compared with gonadotropin [OR: 0.446; 95% CI: 0.269-0.74, p=0.02, 3 trials, 318 women, I2=3.353%]. The rate of multiple pregnancies was significantly lower in the LOD arm compared to the gonadotropins arm [OR: 0.127; 95% CI: 0.028-0.579, p=0.008, 3 trials, 307 women, I2=0%]

Conclusion: Our result revealed that there was no evidence of a significant difference in rates of clinical pregnancy and miscarriage in women with clomiphene citrate-resistant PCOS undergoing LOD compared to the gonadotropin arm. The decrease in multiple pregnancies rate in women undergoing LOD makes this option attractive. The increase in live birth rate in the gonadotropin group may be because of the higher rate of multiple pregnancies in these women. However, more focus on the long-term effects of LOD on ovarian function is suggested

Duration and determinants of birth interval in Yazd, Iran: a population study

Short birth intervals have been associated with adverse health outcomes, including infant, child and maternal mortality. We aimed to investigate the duration and determinants of inter birth intervals among women of reproductive age in Yazd, Iran. A cluster sampling technique was used to select 400 ever-married women aged 15-49 years in Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran. Data were obtained by interview questionnaire and analyzed with life table, Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses. The mean duration of inter birth interval was 49.76 [standard error 1.82] months [95% CI: 46.19-53.34 months] with a median of 39. In 28.5% of women the birth interval was <2 years, in 28% it was 3-5 years and in 25.5% it was >/= 6 years. Among explanatory variables of interest, age of marriage, and woman's education were significant predicators of the birth interval. Women who stated an ideal preference of two children constituted 59.9% of the sample and 16% had 3 children as well as 10.7% had an ideal preference for 4 or 5. The study recommended an educational program to have optimal birth intervals and ideal number of children per family for the prevention of adverse prenatal outcomes.

Knowledge of reproductive physiology and hormone therapy in 40-60 year old women: a population-based study in Yazd, Iran

Evidences shows that menopause affects women's health, but women's knowledge of proper care and maintenance is insufficient. To determine knowledge of hormone therapy [HT], reproductive physiology, and menopause in a population of 40-60 year old women. This cross-sectional study was conducted through a cluster sampling among 330 women in Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran, in 2010. Data was collected using a questionnaire containing questions about reproductive physiology related to menopause and HT by interviewing. Inferential and descriptive statistics via SPSS.15 software were used for data analysis. Overall, 2.1% of women were current takers of HT, 13.4% had taken it in the past but had stopped and 84.5% had never taken hormone replacement therapy. Iranian women had low knowledge of HT, reproductive physiology, and menopause. Most of the women [85.5%] knew that hot flashes are common around menopause and only 77.2% knew decreasing estrogen production causes the menopause. They knew little about the effects of progestagens and the effects of HT on fertility. Logistic regression determined that age, educational level and BMI were the most important factors predicting use of HT after adjusting for other variables. Iranian women have a low HT usage rate and the majority of them are lacking of the knowledge about HT and menopause. Women need improved knowledge of the risks and benefits of HT as well as education about the reproductive system around menopause

[Determinants of self-monitoring of blood pressure among hypertensive patients using on Path Analysis of Basnef Model]

Objective[s]: To applicate of regression based path analysis for introduction of the best model of self-monitoring of blood pressure determinants, using BASNEF Model constructs

Methods: This descriptive analytical study carried out on 150 hypertensive patients referred to a private clinic, which entered in the study with a convenience sampling. The data were collected by interview, using a survey questionnaire which was adapted by the researchers. Before starting the interview, validity and reliability of the scales approved by an experts panel and cronbach alpha. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences [SPSS] was used for the purpose of data entry, manipulation and analysis

Results: intention and enabling factors had a direct effect on self-monitoring behaviors which enabling factors had the most powerful effect. Subjective norms had indirect effects on self-monitoring behaviors through intention and enabling factors. Attitude had lowest effect on self-monitoring behaviors

Conclusion: Regarding good power of BASNEF model in predicting that behavior, interventional programs aimed at promoting self monitoring among hypertensive patients with an emphasis on providing enabling factors, and reinforcemet of intention and subjective norms may be effective on hypertention control

Metformin-letrozole in comparison with metforminclomiphene citrate in clomiphene-resistance PCOS patients undergoing IUI

Polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] is associated with approximately 75% of women who suffer from infertility due to anovulation. Additionally, around 20-25% of anovulatory women with PCOS do not respond at all to clomiphene citrate and are considered to be "clomiphene-resistant". Aromatase inhibitors have been suggested as an alternative treatment to clomiphene as the discrepancy between ovulation and pregnancy rates with clomiphene citrate has been attributed to its anti-estrogenic action and estrogen receptor depletion. The aim of this study is to compare results of Metformin-letrozole with Metformin-clomiphene citrate in clomiphene resistance PCOS patients undergoing IUI. In this single blind randomized trial, ovarian cycles were studied in 100 clomiphene- resistant patients with PCOS. The inclusion criteria were patients who received 150mg clomiphene citrate daily for 3 cycles and failed to become pregnant. The patients were matched for their age, body mass index [BMI], and infertility period. They were randomly allocated to a metformin-letrozole group [n=50] and a metformin-clomiphene citrate group [n=50]. Chemical and clinical pregnancies were assessed after IUI. Abortion rates were determined in both groups. Regarding pregnancy rate, there was no significant difference between the two groups. One miscarriage [2%] occurred in the metformin-clomiphene citrate group, whereas none was seen in the metformin-letrozole group. There is no significant difference in pregnancy rate between clomiphene citrate and letrozole groups although it has been 2% in the former and 5% in the latter

comparison of the efficacy of nystatin and fluconazole incorporated into tissue conditioner on the in vitro attachment and colonization of candida albicans

Denture stomatitis is a common oral lesion following the use of ill-fitting dentures. A layer of tissue conditioner is usually used to improve adaptation of the denture. These liners can support the in vivo adhesion and colonization of the oral Candida. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the two common antifungal agents mixed with tissue conditioner against Candida al bicans. Tissue conditioner disks [Acrosoft] with 5mm diameter and 1mm thickness containing different concentrations of nystatin and fluconazole [1%, 3%, 5%, 10% wt/wt] as well as disks with no antifungal agents [8 disks for each group] were prepared for experimental biofilm formation by inoculation with Candida albicans cell suspensions. The specimens were incubated in cell culture microtiter plate wells containing Sabouraud's broth in a rotator shaker at 30°C for 48 hours. Then, the specimens were rinsed and sonicated in sterile water to remove surface organisms. The attached yeasts were enumerated by inoculation of the yeast suspension on Sabouraud's agar. The data was compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests using prism software. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The 1% to 10% mixture of nystatin and tissue conditioner completely inhibited the attachment and colonization of Candida albicans, although for fluconazole only a 10% concentration caused complete inhibition. Nystatin showed a potentially higher effect in inhibition of Candida attachment and colonization [P = 0.0001] compared to that of fluconazole and a statistically significant difference was seen between 5% and 1% fluconazole [P = 0.0001]. Tissue conditioner with 1% to 10% nystatin or 10% fluconazole can completely inhibit the adhesion and colonization of Candida albicans

Hematuria in patients with beta-thalassemia major

Our information about renal involvement in beta-thalassemia major is limited. Recently, few studies have reported proteinuria, hypercalcuria, phosphaturia, and oversecretion of tubular damage markers; however, hematuria has not yet been meticulously studied in these patients. We investigated hematuria in patients with beta-thalassemia major. Urinalysis was performed in 500 patients with beta-thalassemia major under a regular blood transfusion program. In those with hematuria [at least 3 to 5 erythrocytes per high-power field] a second urinalysis was done at the next transfusion time. The patients ranged in age from 6 months to 32 years. The male-female ratio was 1.05:1. Hematuria was detected in 55 [10.6%], including 9.8% of those younger than 20 years and 20.0% of those older than 20 years. Hematuria was persistent in 79.2% of the second urinalyses. Sixty-four percent of the patients with hematuria were females. A blood transfusion program had been started during the first year of life in 81% percent of the patients with hematuria. Sterile pyuria was detected in 4% and proteinuria in 16% of the patients with hematuria, while these figures in patients without hematuria were 2.1% [P=.56] and 1.4% [P=.002], respectively. We found that in patients with beta-thalassemia major, the risk of hematuria rises with age. Moreover, proteinuria seems to be more common in those with hematuria. Further studies are needed to ascertain the importance of these findings

point mutations of mitochondrial tRNA threonine and proline in idiopathic repeated pregnancy loss

Mitochondrial transfer RNAs [tRNA] genes are essential components of protein biosynthesis. These genes are hotspots for mutations. These mutations are associated with a wide spectrum of human disease. Many genetic factors are known in assessment of repeated pregnancy loss [RPL]. The aim of this study was analysis of tRNA[Thr] and tRNA[Pro] in women with RPL. The nucleotide variations of threonine and proline were investigated in 96 women with idiopathic repeated pregnancy loss. The related mitochondrial area was amplified using a polymerase chain reaction [PCR]. The PCR products were demonstrated by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, and all the positive samples were purified and verified by an automated DNA sequencing method. The sequence analysis revealed 4 mutations in tRNA[Thr]. These mutations were A15907G in 2 cases [2.08%], A15924G in 3 cases [3.12%], G15928A in 10 cases [10.42%] as the most common mutations and G15930A in 3 cases [3.12%] as a novel mutation. Also, the result of tRNA[pro] sequencing showed the T15972C mutation in 1 woman [1.04%] as a novel mutation. These tRNAs mutations can alter their steady state level and affect the structure of tRNAs. It results in protein synthesis defects and, in turn, mitochondrial dysfunction. The mutations of these genes may help in the assessment of RPL. Further study of an expanded series of these tRNA mutants is recommended to describe their etiologic role in idiopathic RPL

[Survey about the role of appearance concern with skin cancer prevention behavior based on protection motivation theory]

Skin cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer in Yazd city. Childhood and adolescense is an important time for preventing the skin cancers. The aim of this study was to survey the role of appearance concern with skin cancer prevention behavior based on protection motivation theory. Participants in this cross- sectional study were 360 female students from 4 high schools in Yazd city. Data were gathered by using self-reporting questionnaires and were analyzed using SPSS software applying ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression tests. Using Pearson's correlation test, a statistically significant correlation between the appearance concern with perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, self-efficacy, response efficacy, protection motivation and behaviors was found [P<0.01]. The perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, self- efficacy, response efficacy, protection motivation, response costs and appearance concern could predict 0.56 of the behaviors and perceived susceptibility was the strongest predictor [beta=0.120]. Also, protection motivation could predict behavior [41%]. Results of this study support the effectiveness of protection motivation theory variables and the role of appearance concern for prediction of skin cancer prevention behaviors in participants

Disease spectrum and mortality in hospitalized children of southern Iran

In medicine, especially in the field of pediatrics, it is necessary to perform regular epidemiologic studies in each geographic region. We designed this study in Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz [the major referral pediatric center in Southern Iran], to determine the disease spectrum, the mortality and also the rate of matching final diagnosis with the initial impression in pediatric wards. All children older than 1 month [2731] who were admitted in Nemazee Hospital [except for surgical wards], from November 2005 to October 2006, were studied through questionnaire interviewing on admission and were followed till discharge or expire time. In some instances that final diagnosis or cause of death was unclear; we followed them through their files in clinics up to 1 year. Among 3057 admissions [related to 2731 patients], 56.8% were males [male to female ratio: 1.31]. Patients' age was 31 days to 25 years [mean: 5.16 years, SD: 4.98 years] and the significant portion was less than 2 years [1210= 44.2%]. Admission duration varied from 1 to 62 days [mean: 5 days, SD: 5.13 days]. The most common diseases were seizure disorder [315=11.1%], pneumonia [235=7.7%], febrile convulsion [136=4.79%] and gastroenteritis [128=4.18%]. 17.93% of admissions came out of Pars Province [18 Provinces] with digestive system [19.1%], infectious [18.5%] and nervous system diseases [15.0%] as the most frequent referred patients. In 90.6% of admissions final diagnosis was clarified in the hospital [ranged from 86.45% in infectious ward to 93.4% in cardiology ward] [P=0.01]. The total mortality rate was 5.30%; this rate was 9.49% for patients younger than 1 year and 5.0% in older patients [P<0.001]. The most common age of admission in pediatric wards was less than one year. The most common diseases were seizure disorder, pneumonia and gastroenteritis. Congenital heart disease, sepsis and pneumonia were the most common diseases leading to death

Comparison of bond strength of different restorative materials in mandibular anterior teeth class V restorations

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of different restorative materials on fracture resistance of mandibular teeth with class V restorations. One hundred intact mandibular incisors were selected and divided into ten groups with 10 samples in each. Three types of restorative materials; Tetric flow composite [Vivadent Ets, Schaan/Liechtenstein], Compoglass [Vivadent Ets,Schaan/Liechtenstein] and light curing glass ionomer [GC Corporation Tokyo JAPAN] were used in our study. Each of these materials were applied in cavities with 2, 3 and 4 mm widths. Group 10 was considered as the control group in which no restorations was done. All teeth were mounted in cold cure acrylic resin [Tray Resin II, Shofu Inc, Kyoto, Japan] and the samples were tested by applying shear force with cross head speed of 5mm/min in a universal testing machine [Instron corp., Canton, MA,USA]. Data were analyzed with two way ANOVA and Dunnet multiple comparisons test using SPSS 10 software package. Regardless of the types of materials, cavities with 4mm width had less bond strength than those with 2 and 3 mm widths [P-value=0.555]. In the Compoglass and glass ionomer L.C. groups, cavities with 2 and 3mm widths had significant greater strength than cavities with 4mm width [P-value=0.0002]. In groups with Tetric flow restorative material no significant difference in shear force among different widths of cavities were detected [P-value=0.4948]. The mean shear force in this group was comparable with the control group [P-value=0.0001]. In cavities 2 and 3 mm widths, there was not any significant difference in shear force between Tetric flow and compoglass restorative materials. Glass ionomer and Tetric flow had the least and the highest shear bond strength ,respectively. The results showed that although all the restorations need an average load more than masticatory forces in the mouth to fail, but Tetric flow composite with combination of chemical adhesion properties and optimum elastic characteristics was proven to be the restorative material of choice for cervical Defects with different widths

Descriptive epidemiology of accidents in Yazd province in 1383

driving accidents are one of the most important problems which threaded the humans health. The role of motor vehicles accidents were changed from bottom of the causes of the death to top. Regarding to unexpected increasing of motor vehicles and high prevalence the death due to accidents in Yazd province, we designed this study with the aim of epidemiology of accidents in Yazd in 1383. This descriptive study carried out using available information in Yazd traffic police department. The results of this study showed that, the total number of accidents in Yazd were 8234 cases, which were divided in to three categories 66.1% of the accidents were known to be destruct then came accidents which led to injuries [29.9%] and the third category of accidents were those which led to death [3.9%]. Most of the drivers [32.2%] were between 18-2 4 years old and then [30.8%] were between 25 -3 4 years old. 92.5% of drivers were male and 7.5% was female. The cause of accidents [34.4%] were non-observance of the righ of priority, and [8.01%] was back ward moving, 4.1% was left and right deviation and 5.1% was un attention to logical interval. According to the results, only 3.1% of drivers had been used seatbelt and only 4.1% of motorcyclists had been used helmet. Regarding the results of this study, education of traffic principles and true driving to students and public, in addition to taking suitable policies for prevention of driving accidents is recommended