[ role of problem-solving skill training and cognitive restructuring on cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and family functioning in infertile women]

Introduction: Infertile women encounter with many problems such as family dysfunction and cognitive emotion regulation because of their illness and stress involved them

Objectiv: The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of problem-solving skills training and cognitive restructuring on cognitive emotion regulation strategies and family functioning in infertile women

Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. All infertile women of Kermanshah in 1393 participate in this study. 49 subjects randomly assigned to three groups [two experimental groups and one control group]. The intervention group received 10 sessions training but the control group did not receive any intervention. Software spss22 and paired t-test and analysis of covariance [ANCOVA] was used to analyze data

Results: Analysis of covariance [ANCOVA] shows that there is significant difference in two variables; cognitive emotion regulation [F= 43/19, 001/0> p] and the family functioning [F = 51/26, 001/0> p]. Results from Analysis of Bonferni shows that cognitive restructuring group has more growth in cognitive emotion regulation compared with problem solving and control groups, also problem solving group has more growth in family functioning compared with cognitive restructuring and control groups

Discussion: As regards problem solving training and Cognitive restructuring have effective roles on family functioning and cognitive emotion regulation strategies therefore therapists can applied these trainings to resolve problems in infertile women

Effect of caraway extract on the performance of selective attention and cognitive flexibility

This trial study is conducted in the field of psychopharmacology aiming to examine psychological effects of caraway. The sample under study consists of two groups including experimental [N=22] and control [N=28]; both groups were identical in terms of demographic characteristics. The subjects participated voluntarily in the study; they were placed into experimental and control groups by random selection. The evaluation of attention function test was carried out by computerized Stroop effect test. The results from analysis of covariance statistical test [ANCOVA] showed that taking caraway with an effective dose may increase functions of selective attention, response inhibition ability as well as cognitive flexibility and change [p<0.005]. Taking advantage of positive effects of caraway extract, it may be used as one of the herbal medicine in treating stress and increasing different attention functions

impact of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy [MBCT] on mental and physical well-being indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes

The present study aims to investigate the impact of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on mental and physical well-being indicators in diabetic patients. In the present study is that of experimental, all women with type 2 diabetes in Yazd Diabetes Research Centre were considered as statistical community from which 80 women were selected by random sampling. They completed questionnaire of Problem Areas In Diabetes and diabetes-dependent quality of life questionnaire and then were introduced to lab for blood test. Data was analyzed by SPSS-18 software using t-test for separate groups. Statistical analysis showed that the scores of experimental group on quality of life and diabetes related stress were significantly lower in post-test compared to pre-test. Moreover, experimental group and control group showed a significant difference in these variables in pre-test and post-test. Also HbA1c level had a significant decrease in post-test of experimental group compared to pre-test of this group. This difference was observed in control group too. The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has positive effects on glycemic control in diabetic patients and leads to well-being and a better quality of life in those patients

Designing a model for private health insurance in Iran

Background and objective Some of high income countries are developing the private health insurance coverage as a complementary. or supplementary coverage: Methods, We examined the private health insurance in England U.S.A, Germany, Spain, Austria, Turkey, Sweden Greece, Mexico, Japan, Canada, Denmark and Iran between 2002 and 2006 for studding private healt ;insurance coverage. We used data from the OECD, European Observatory and country specific resources also we reviewed specific regulations in certain countries, based on this comparative study we designed a. model for private health insurance coverage in Iran after approving by specialist in Delphi technique The private health insurance has been created in order to cover the cost and service gapes which excite in the current basic insurance also increase the satisfaction of insured and make the choice authority for. people who have higher incomes Premiums are the main source of financial support in the private health insurance which is entertained. from individual risks and criteria within health condition. In addition Legislation is primary role of government, in addition supporting role in beginning of the work and after that supervising role were suggested Based on specialist opinions the private health insurance in Iran private health insurance could be covered.the gaps of basic health insurance as a complementary or supplementary health insurance based on residency and ability to pay

[Enhancing critical thinking in virtual medical education program: a qualitative study of faculty members' and students' experiences]

Background and Objective: As enrollment in virtual online courses continues to grow, one of the stakeholders' concerns is the enhancement of critical thinking in students. This study was performed in order to answer this core question: "what are the barriers and facilitating factors of critical thinking in virtual environment?

Methods: This qualitative study is part of a mixed qualitative and quantitative study performed for developing the process of teaching critical thinking in virtual medical education program in which 7 e-teachers and 11 postgraduate e-students [out of a total of 12 students] of virtual medical education discipline were investigated. Data were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire. All interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed and then analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's constant comparative method

Results: Participants had a variety of experiences about critical thinking improvement that were conceptualized in three major themes of: [belief system] including personal beliefs and aspects that are considered as constant during a short time period, [educational management] including factors that can be manipulated by the educational leaders and [critical thinking in virtual environment] including motivating and limiting factors of critical thinking

Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the barriers and facilitating factors of enhancing critical thinking in virtual environment. Teachers, educational planners and leaders can use the results of this study in order to improve their virtual programs and student's critical thinking?

[ effects of pentoxifylline on renal apoptosis following ischemic reperfusion injury in rats]

Ischemia-reperfusion induces cell death and inflammatory reaction. It is a common clinical problem associated with acute renal failure and renal transplantation. In this study, the effects of pentoxifylline on rat kidney function and cell injury after ischemia-reperfusion were evaluated. In this experimental study, 20 male wistar rats with mean weight of 250-300g were assigned randomly into control and treatment groups [each group 10 rats]. In control group, celiotomy was performed by ventral midline incision. The left kidney was isolated, and then both the renal artery and vein were clamped. After 60 minutes of warm ischemia, the vessels were unclamped and the right kidney was removed. 72 hours after reperfusion, tissue samples from the left kidney were taken for histopathologic examination after death. The same procedures were repeated in the treatment group after administration of 45mg/kg/PO pentoxifylline, 3 hours before surgery. This treatment was continued every 12h until death. Apoptotic changes were compared between two groups by Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. The treatment group showed lower levels of cell death than the control group [P<0.05]. Pentoxifylline alone might play a role in attenuation of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and Apoptosis

[ effect of financing system on improvement of hospital performance]

To investigate the effect of financing system on improvement of hospital performance in the selected countries. This is a descriptive study. The health care system of Canada, France, USA, Australia, UK, Turkey, South Korea, Norway and Iran has been studied on. The base of selection is Garden's categorizing of countries. The questionnaire of proposed model regarding implementation of the Delphi technique were filled out by 30 professionals, professors and policy makers of health care system or people with academic or work experience in hospital management. Collected data was analyzed with statistical methods. After evaluating and analyzing the proposed and corrective ideas, the final model was designed. This study shows that application of financing system plays a key role in improvement of hospital performance along with comprehensive planning and appropriate control supervision system in a fundamental structure. The experts in this field believe that by taking into consideration the social identity of hospital; financial resources and capital goods have to be provided by the governments, training costs have to be paid separately to the hospitals and floating budgets need to be considered for the hospitals

[External ear resonant amplitude and frequency of 3-7 year old children]

To measure external ear resonant amplitude and frequency in children [3-7 years old] and to compare with adult measures. The external car resonance peak amplitude and frequency of 63 children 3-7 years old were recorded. All of the children had normal tympanogram and there was no cerumen in external auditory canal. 20 adult of 21-24 years old [10 male , 10 female] were selected in order to compare with children that had normal tympanogram. The tests included : 1 -otoscopy 2- tympanometry 3-microphone probe tube test. The average of resonance peak frequency for children and adult is 4200 Hz and 3200 Hz , respectively. The resonance frequency of children had significantly diffrence with average of resonance frequency in adults. The average of resonance peak amplitude for children and adult is 17.70 dB and 17.17 dB , respectively. Resonant frequency and amplitude affect the hearing aid prescription and fitting process and calculating insertion gain; so, this measures seem should be considered in children hearing aid fitting