ABSTRACT
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is a novel virus that mainly causes respiratory tract infection, and it has the characteristic of genome of Parvovirus, containing three open reading frames that encode non-structural proteins NS1 and NP1 and structural proteins VP1 and VP2. Circular episome is present during the rolling circle replication of HBoV1, which provides the possibility of full genome amplification and infectious clone construction to save HBoV1. The recombination between HBoV1 and HBoV2-4 occurs frequently. With the three-dimensional culture, in vitro culture of HBoV1 provides a powerful tool for research on the pathogenesis of HBoV1. This review focuses on the molecular characteristics, association with diseases, in vitro culture, diagnosis and treatment of HBoV1.
Subject(s)
Humans , Diarrhea , Virology , Genomics , Human bocavirus , Genetics , Physiology , Meningitis , Virology , Respiratory Tract Diseases , VirologyABSTRACT
To obtain the genome sequence of human bocavirus 2 (HBoV2), different regions of HBoV2 genome were amplified through PCR in fecal specimens which had been identified as single-positive for HBoV2 in 2010. A genome sequence of HBoV2 (HBoV2-NC, 5444 bp) was obtained after sequence assembly. The phylogenetic analysis showed that HBoV2-NC had the closest evolutionary relationship with HBoV2 Lanzhou strain. The predication of inverted terminal repeats of HBoV2-NC by DINAMelt showed that inverted terminal repeats were contained in HBoV2-NC 5' terminal, which had the typical stem-loop structure in other parvoviruses. Finally, some flanking sequences of HBoV2-NC were amplified by linker-PCR.
Subject(s)
Humans , Base Sequence , Gene Amplification , Genome, Viral , Human bocavirus , Chemistry , Classification , Genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Nucleic Acid Conformation , Parvoviridae Infections , Virology , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral , Chemistry , Genetics , Terminal Repeat SequencesABSTRACT
A new dynamic in vitro intestinal absorption model for screening and evaluating lipid formulations was established by means of the characteristics of the intestinal digestion and absorption of the lipid formulations. This model was composed of two systems, including intestinal digestion and the intestinal tissue culture, which drew the evaluation method of intestinal absorption into the in vitro lipolysis model. The influence of several important model parameters such as Ca2+, D-glucose, K+ on the two systems of this model has been investigated. The results showed that increasing of Ca2+ concentration could be significantly conductive to intestinal digestion. The increasing of D-glucose concentration could stepped significantly down the decay of the intestinal activity. K+ was able to maintain intestinal activity, but the influence of different concentration levels on the decay of the intestinal activity was of no significant difference. Thus the model parameters were set up as follows: Ca2+ for 10 mmol x L(-1), D-glucose for 15 mmol x L(-1) and K+ for 5.5 mmol x L(-1). Type I lipid formulation was evaluated with this model, and there was a significant correlation between the absorption curve in vitro and absorption curve in vivo of rats (r = 0.995 6, P < 0.01). These results demonstrated that this model can be an attractive and great potential method for the screening, evaluating and predicting of the lipid formulations.
ABSTRACT
A new dynamic in vitro intestinal absorption model for screening and evaluating lipid formulations was established by means of the characteristics of the intestinal digestion and absorption of the lipid formulations. This model was composed of two systems, including intestinal digestion and the intestinal tissue culture, which drew the evaluation method of intestinal absorption into the in vitro lipolysis model. The influence of several important model parameters such as Ca2+, D-glucose, K+ on the two systems of this model has been investigated. The results showed that increasing of Ca2+ concentration could be significantly conductive to intestinal digestion. The increasing of D-glucose concentration could stepped significantly down the decay of the intestinal activity. K+ was able to maintain intestinal activity, but the influence of different concentration levels on the decay of the intestinal activity was of no significant difference. Thus the model parameters were set up as follows: Ca2+ for 10 mmol x L(-1), D-glucose for 15 mmol x L(-1) and K+ for 5.5 mmol x L(-1). Type I lipid formulation was evaluated with this model, and there was a significant correlation between the absorption curve in vitro and absorption curve in vivo of rats (r = 0.995 6, P < 0.01). These results demonstrated that this model can be an attractive and great potential method for the screening, evaluating and predicting of the lipid formulations.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Calcium , Metabolism , Caprylates , Chemistry , Digestion , Glucose , Metabolism , Glycerides , Chemistry , Indomethacin , Chemistry , Intestinal Absorption , Lipids , Chemistry , Lipolysis , Models, Biological , Potassium , Metabolism , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents from the herb of Gentianopsis paludosa.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Column chromatogrophy and spectral analysis were used to isolate and identify the constituents.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Six compounds were isolated and identified as 1,7-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone (I), 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8-trimethoxyxanthone (II), 1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone (III), 1-hydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone (IV), beta-sitosterol (V), daucosterol (VI).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds III-VI were isolated from the plant for the first time.</p>
Subject(s)
Gentianaceae , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Sitosterols , Chemistry , Xanthones , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of andrographolide on immune functions and the immune mechanism of its clinical application.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The amounts of IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-8 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) culture supernatants deal with by different concentrations of LianBiZhi (LBZ) injection made of andrographolide were detected by biological activity test or ELISA in vitro. The effects of LBZ injection on macrophage phagocytotic function and natural killer cells cytotoxicity were examined by means of macrophage to phagocytize cock erythrocyte and measurement of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity released from the damaged cells, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The LBZ injection could promote IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha inductions of PBMCs, but had no effect on IL-8. At the same time, the LBZ injection could not only enhance the phagocytosis activity of peritoneal macrophage from guinea pig to phagocytosis cock erythrocyte, but also augment the cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer cells from PBMCs to damage the K562 cell lines.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Andrographolide is an immunostimulant agent which can modulate both antigen specific and nonspecific immune function by means of its natural killer cells and macrophage and cytokines induction.</p>