ABSTRACT
Microemulsions are promising drug delivery systems for the oral administration of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, the evolution of microemulsions in the gastrointestinal tract is still poorly characterized, especially the structural change of microemulsions under the effect of lipase and mucus. To better understand the fate of microemulsions in the gastrointestinal tract, we applied small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to monitor the structural change of microemulsions under the effect of lipolysis and mucus. First, the effect of lipolysis on microemulsions was studied by SAXS, which found the generation of liquid crystalline phases. Meanwhile, FRET spectra indicated micelles with smaller particle sizes were generated during lipolysis, which could be affected by CaCl, bile salts and lecithin. Then, the effect of mucus on the structural change of lipolysed microemulsions was studied. The results of SAXS and FRET indicated that the liquid crystalline phases disappeared, and more micelles were generated. In summary, we studied the structural change of microemulsions in simulated gastrointestinal conditions by SAXS and FRET, and successfully monitored the appearance and disappearance of the liquid crystalline phases and micelles.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the impact of hemoperfusion on chronic renal failure patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism maintaining hemodialysis.Methods Forty patients with hemodialysis in our hospital were selected and grouped.Single hemodialysis in connection with hemoperfusion(HD+HP)was used in group 1 and single hemodiafiltration(HDF)was used in group 2 to compare the clearance power and clearance rate of blood parathyroid hormone(PTH)and phosphate(P).Results Blood PTH was decreased and blood calcium was increased in patients with chronic renal failure maintaining hemodialysis after HD+HP treatment.Conclusion The clinical osteopathic symptoms of patients are improved after HD+HP treatment,secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with hemodialysis.