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Clinical research reports serve as the presentation of scientific research findings and directly reflect the quality of the research. This article describes the writing of different types of clinical research reports， such as observational studies and randomized controlled trial studies， with a particular focus on randomized controlled trials. Each scientific research design has its reporting focus， and the writing of scientific research papers has uniform requirements and a specific writing format. Mastering the proper format of drafting research reports is of practical value and significant importance for conduction high-quality clinical research.
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Statistics plays an important role in medical research， and the selection of appropriate statistical methods is crucial for drawing reliable and valuable conclusions. This paper provides a brief introduction to commonly used statistical analysis methods for medical data， covering descriptive analysis， parametric test， nonparametric test， correlation analysis， regression analysis， and analysis of survival data. It focuses on discussing the assumptions of multiple linear regression， logistic regression and Cox proportional risk regression， as well as how to choose the appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and interpreting medical data based on different research objectives and data types.
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ObjectiveTo compare the annual and age trends of the age-standard incidence rate （ASIR） and the age-standard mortality rate （ASMR） of lung cancer in countries with different human development index （HDI） from 1990 to 2019. MethodsThe data were collected from the global burden of disease study and GLOBOCAN 2020. The average annual percentage change （AAPC） and age trends of ASIR and ASMR in lung cancer were analyzed by the Joinpoint regression model， and the comparison between the four groups was analyzed by Kruskale-Wallis analysis. ResultsIn 2020， the incidence and mortality of lung cancer gradually increased with age and HDI grade. From 1990 to 2019， the global ASIR and ASMR of lung cancer decreased， and the ASIR of lung cancer among male decreased， while the ASIR of lung cancer among female increased. The results showed that ASIR of lung cancer in female residents in countries with very high HDI increased significantly from 1996 to 2011， resulting in an overall upward trend in female ASIR， while the other groups showed a downward trend. It was found that ASIR and ASMR of lung cancer in China and India were on the rise， while ASIR and ASMR of lung cancer in Russia and the United States were on the decline. ConclusionAlthough very high/high HDI countries face a higher burden of lung cancer occurrence and death， the accumulation of lung cancer burden is completed in the transitioning period. Therefore， lung cancer prevention measures in countries in transition are critical for global lung cancer control.
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Systems-based integrated course is the core and hot spot in current advanced medical education reform.An integrated organ-system oriented curriculum system of endocrinology and metabolism was applied in eight year clinical medicine and five year excellent doctor education.The teaching contents of endocrinology and metabolism from traditional Basic Medicine,Internal Medicine and Surgery were integrated and optimized to compile the integrated syllabus and teaching cases.Curriculum integration oriented PBL teaching and comprehensive morphology experimental teaching were implemented into the integrated endocrinology and metabolism system curriculum.This endocrinology and metabolism course integration based on organ-system based learning is conducive to establishing the organic connection between Basic Medicine and Clinical Medicine,and cultivating high-quality medical talents.
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Objective To investigate the effects of AGEs-RAGE on the apoptosis of GLUTag cells and explore the possiblc mechanism.Methods GLUTag cells treated with 0、100、200、300μg/ml of AGEs for 24h were examined for gene and protein expression of RAGE using RT-PCR and western blotting,respectively.GLUTag cells were randomly divided into four groups:control,200μg/ml AGEs,AGEs+siRNA-RAGE and AGEs+apocynin.The protein expression of p22phox、p47phox 、Bcl-2、Bax in the cells were detected with western blotting.The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were examined using 2'7'-dichlorodihydroflur-rescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and the apoptosis of L cells were tested by AnnexinV-FITC/PI.Results AGEs increased thc cxpression of RAGE in a dose dependent manner.Treatment with AGEs induced a significant increase in the expression of p22phox,p47phoxand the activity of ROS,caused up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2,which enhanced the apoptosis of GLUTag cells.Apocynin,the inhibitor of NADPH oxidase,prevented those responses and the effects caused by AGEs were abolished by inhibition of RAGE activity with siRNA.Conclusion AGEs positively regulate the exprcssion of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS and its down-steam signaling pathway p53/Bax by targeting RAGE,leading to the apoptosis of GLUTag cells.
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Objective To observe the changes in levels of plasma leukocyte cell-derived chemnotaxin 2 (LECT2) in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),and to investigate the clinical significance.Methods A total of 137 subjects were enrolled in the study,including 50 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM complicated with NAFLD,47 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM with non-NAFLD and 40 healthy subjects.The level of plasma LECT2 was determined by ELISA.Anthropometric data and other biochemical indicators were measured in three groups.The body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated.Insulin resistance and pancreas β-cell function were determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR,HOMA-％β).Results Plasma concentration of LECT2 in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM complicated with non-NAFLD was higher than that in type 2 diabetic patients with non-NAFLD [(32.95 ± 10.11 vs 29.08 ± 7.54) ng/mL,P ＜ 0.01].Plasma LECT2 levels in both groups were significantly higher than that in normal control group [(22.38 ± 4.40) ng/mL,P ＜ 0.01].Plasma LECT2 level was positively correlated with BMI,FPG,FINS,C peptide,HbA1c,GGT,TG and HOMA-IR,while negatively with HDL-C and HOMA-％ β (all P ＜ 0.01).Multivariate regression analysis showed that levels of BMI,FPG and HDL-C were important factors affecting plasma LECT2 level.Conclusions Plasma LECT2 concentration significantly elevates in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM complicated with non-NAFLD.Plasma level of LECT2 is closely correlated with insulin resistance and glycolipid metabolism.LECT2 may play an important role in the patho genesis of insulin resistance and T2DM.