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Objective:To determine over-limit status of sodium nitrite in cooked meat products in Hunan Province,and to provide scientific evidence for making health supervision.Methods:In accordance with the national standards for sampling and testing,data were analyzed by classical and spatial statistic methods.Results:The total over-limit rate of sodium nitrite was 5.5％ in 731 samples.The relative higher sodium nitrite over-limit rates were Xiangxi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture and Zhangjiajie.October and February were the main months in nitrite over-limit.Five regions with over-limit of sodium nitrite in cooked meat products were detected in Hunan.Conclusion:With obvious space-time clustering,over-limit of sodium nitrite in cooked meat products is a common problem particularly in northwest Hunan and Zhuzhou City.Supervision in October should be further strengthened in above-mentioned areas to guarantee the consumers health.
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Objective To observe the protective effect of Apelin-13 on the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI), and to explore the possible mechanism in rat model. Methods Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups:sham group, CIRI model group and Apelin-13 (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μg/kg) treatment groups. The model of CIRI was established by filament. After 2 h ischemia, the focal middle cerebral artery was followed by 72 h reperfusion. Apelin-13 was administrated by intracerebroventricular injection 30 minutes before reperfusion. The score of neural function was estimated in different time points. The 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) dye was used to calculate the volume and percentage of cerebral infarction. The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) protein markers including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in cerebral cortex were measured by Western blot assay. Results Compared with the sham group, the score of neural function was significantly increased, the infarct rate was reached(47.63 ± 5.81)%and the protein expressions of GRP78 and CHOP were significantly up-regulated in CIRI model group (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences in these data between the CIRI model group and 0.1 μg/kg Apelin-13 treatment group (P＞0.05). Compared with the CIRI group, the neural function defect was significantly improved, the muscle strength was significantly enhanced and the infarct rate was significantly decreased, and the protein expressions of GRP78 and CHOP were significantly down-regulated in the 1.0 and 10.0 μg/kg Apelin-13 treatment groups (P＜0.05). Conclusion Apelin-13 protects the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat model, which may be related with the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of rehabilitation training on insulin-resistance and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) in the hippocampus in rats with vascular dementia.@*METHODS@#A total of 45 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into a rehabilitation group (n=15), an immobilization group (n=15), and a sham-operation group (n=15). The rats in the former 2 groups were operated on to establish the experimental vascular dementia model by bilateral common carotid artery permanent ligation. The rats' learning and memory were assessed 4 weeks after the operation. The plasma level of insulin was determined by ELISA at different time points after the operation. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the IDE expression in the hippocampus area.@*RESULTS@#The rats in the rehabilitation group showed significantly better learning ability than that in the immobilization group (P<0.05). The plasma level of insulin in the rehabilitation group was lower than that in the immobilization group (P<0.05), IDE expression in the rehabilitation group was higher than that in the immobilization group (P<0.05) at 7 d and 28 d after the operation.@*CONCLUSION@#Rehabilitation can accelerate the recovery of learning and memory in rats with vascular dementia, and the mechanism is possibly related to the amelioration of insulin resistance and increase of IDE expression in the hippocampus.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Amyloid beta-Peptides , Dementia, Vascular , Therapeutics , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Hippocampus , Insulin , Blood , Insulin Resistance , Insulysin , Learning , Memory , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of rehabilitation training on hippocampal amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) levels in vascular dementia (VD).Methods Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a rehabilitation group (n =10),a model group (n =10) or a sham-operation group (n =10).An experimental VD model was established in the rats of the first 2 groups by bilateral common carotid artery permanent ligation.The rats in the rehabilitation group then received 1 h of rehabilitation training daily.Learning and memory were assessed at 4 weeks aftet the operation.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect Aβ and IDE expression in the hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG) area.Results The rats in the rehabilitation group showed significantly better learning ability compared with the model group.The expression of Aβ in the rehabilitation group was significantly less than in the model group.The expression of IDE in the rehabilitation group was significantly greater Conclusion Rehabilitation can accelerate the recovery of learning and memory in VD,at least in rats The mechanism is possibly related to decreased accumulation of Aβ in the hippocampus due to up-regulation of the expression of IDE.
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ObjectiveTo study the effect of exercise training on β-amyloid polypeptide (Aβ) and β-secretase(BACE) in the hippocampus of the rats with vascular dementia (VD).Methods 30 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were carried out to an exercise group (n =10 ),a model group (n =10 ),and a sham-operation group ( n =10 ).VD rat models were made by the ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries.Morris water maze test were carried out 4 weeks after the operation to assess the ability in learning and memory of the rats and Aβ and β-secretase (BACE)expression was detected in the hippocampus of the rats using immunohistochemical techniques.ResultsIn the Morris water maze test,the model group showed reduction in the learning and memorizing ability,with obvious longer escape latencies ( ( 101.34 ± 19.67 ) s,(95.42 ± 23.89 ) s,( 89.39 ± 22.67 ) s,( 90.12 ± 19.77 ) s,respective-ly) than that of sham-operation group ( ( 62.13 ± 11.38 ) s,( 24.84 ± 13.69 ) s,( 16.98 ± 12.51 )s,( 11.41 ± 8.93 ) s,correspond-dingly) (P ＜ 0.05 ),and the exercise group was improved in the learning and memorizing ability ( corresponding to ( 80.15 ± 21.56 ) s,( 51.24 ± 20.91 ) s,( 43.78 ± 22.36) s,( 45.67 ± 20.87 ) s ),compared with the model group(P＜0.05).The grey values of Aβ in the hippocampus of the rats for the exercise group was ( 130.12 ± 19.01 ),( 116.77 ± 23.67 ) for the model group and ( 148.44 ± 17.67 ) for the sham-operation group(P＜ 0.05).The grey values of BACE in the hippocampus of the ratsfor the exercise group were( 131.21± 25.25 ),( 120.53± 10.21 ) for the model group(P＜ 0.05 ) and ( 162.38 ± 28.11 ) for the sham-operation group (P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionExercise training can lower the expression of BACE and Aβ in the hippocampus of rats with VD,therefore improving the learning and memory ability of rats with VD.