Exploration and practice of grid management model for hospital infection / 中华医院管理杂志

Grid management plays an important role in improving the efficiency of social service management. The authors explored the establishment of a nosocomial infection grid management model and implemented it at a tertiary general hospital in Shanghai. χ2 test results showed that since the hospital fully implemented the grid management model in early 2016, the number of hospital infections, surgical site infections, type I surgical incision infections, and ventilator-related pneumonia had shown a downward trend year by year. The number of inspections before the use of antibacterial drugs, the number of blood cultures submitted for fever patients, and the timing of hand hygiene compliance showed an increasing trend year by year( P<0.05), and the management of nosocomial infection was more effective than the previous period. The application of grid management model required establishment of grid organization structure, control of key links, implementation of the special personnel responsibility, formulation of a performance evaluation system, and implementation of incentive measures. The grid management model can significantly reduce the risk of hospital infection, improve the efficiency of hospital infection management, and was valuable to be applicated and promoted in medical institutions.

Transcriptional regulation of vp1667 by H-NS in Vibrio parahaemolyticus / 军事医学

Objective To study the transcriptional regulation of vp1667 by H-NS in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.Methods Total RNAs were extracted from Δhns and WT strains.Quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to calculate the transcriptional variation of vp1667 between Δhns and WT.Primer extension assay was also employed to detect the transcription start site and the promoter activity (i.e.the amount of primer extension products) of vp1667 in Δhns and that in WT.The promoter DNA region of vp1667 was amplified, purified, and cloned into the corresponding restriction endonuclease sites of pHRP309 that harbors a gentamicin resistance gene and a promoterless lacZ reporter gene.The recombinant pHRP309 plasmid was transformed into Δhns and WT, respectively, while β-galactosidase activity in cellular extracts was measured using a β-galactosidase enzyme assay system.The over-expressed His-H-NS was purified under native conditions with nickel loaded HiTrap Chelating Sepharose columns.The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and DNaseⅠ footprinting were then applied to analyze the DNA-binding activity of His-H-NS to vp1667 promoter region in vitro.Results and Conclusion The primer extension assay detected one transcription start site for vp1667, which was located at 28 bp upstream of vp1667, and its transcribed activity was under the negative control of the H-NS.The EMSA and DNaseⅠ footprinting assay results showed that His-H-NS was unable to bind to the promoter-proximal DNA region of vp1667, suggesting that H-NS indirectly inhibits the transcription of vp1667.

Autoregulation of PhoP/PhoQ in Yersinia pestis under different conditions / 军事医学

Objective To investigate the transcriptional autoregulation of PhoP/PhoQ under different growth conditions in Yersinia pestis.Methods The entire promoter region of YPO1635 was amplified and cloned into the pRW50 vector containing a promoterless lacZ reporter gene.The recombinant LacZ reporter plasmid was transformed into the wild-type strain (WT) and the phoP mutant strain (ΔphoP),respectively,to measure the promoter activity (the β-galactosidase activity) of the target gene in WT and ΔphoP by using the β-galactosidase enzyme assay system.Total RNAs were extracted from WT and ΔphoP strains,and primer extension assay was employed to detect the promoter activity by examining the amount of primer extension products of YPO1635 in WT and ΔphoP.Results The LacZ fusion results showed that the transcription of YPO1635 was positively regulated by PhoP under L-TMH and brain-heart infusion(BHI) conditions,but it was not regulated in H-TMH medium.The primer extension assay detected two transcriptional start sites located at 90 and 118 bp upstream of the translation initiation site of phoP,named P1 and P2,respectively.Under low Mg2+ TMH conditions,the promoter activity of P1 rather than P2 was positively regulated by PhoP.Under high Mg2+ TMH conditions,the promoter activities of both P1 and P2 showed no obvious difference in the WT and ΔphoP strains.Under rich BHI conditions,both promoters were under negative control of PhoP.Conclusion Different autoregualtion patterns of PhoP/PhoQ under different growth conditions would help Y.pestis to quickly adapt to the changing living environment.

Risk factors for healthcare-associated infection in a neonatal intensive care unit / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand the occurrence and risk factors of healthcare-associated infection(HAI) in a neonatal intensive care unit(NICU).Methods Neonates who were admitted to the NICU of a hospital from January 2012 to December 2014 were investigated retrospectively,risk factors for HAI were performed univariate analysis.Results A total of 760 neonates were included in the investigation,198 neonates developed 259 times of HAI,incidence of HAI was 26.05％,case incidence of HAI was 34.08％,incidence of HAI per 1 000 patient days was 9.50‰;the main infection site was lower respiratory tract (n =92,35.52％);among 259 cases of HAI,172 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated,the major pathogen was Acinetobacter spp.(n =40,23.26％);incidence of HAI was high in neonates with gestational age ≤32 weeks,birth weight≤1 500 g,length of hospital stay ≥10 days,duration of antimicrobial use≥10 days,mechanical ventilation,deep venous catheterization,and feeding intolerance,difference was statistically significant (all P＜0.001).Conclusion Incidence of HAI in NICU is high,effective prevention and control measures should be formulated according to its risk factors,so as to reduce the occurrence of HAI in neonates.

Effect of soluble hemostasis gauze on pelvic infection after cesarean section / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of intraoperative use of soluble hemostasis gauze on postoperative pel-vic infection in parturients undergoing cesarean section.Methods Data about cesarean section parturients in obstet-ric group(n=322)and gynaecology group (n =92)were surveyed by clinical follow-up and retrospective analysis method,obstetric group adopted bulk packing of gauze,gynaecology group adopted flat lay packing ,incidence of postoperative pelvic infection between parturients who used soluble hemostasis gauze with different packing meth-ods,as well as with different pieces were compared and analyzed.Results Pelvic infection rate in obstetric group and gynaecology group was 4.04%(13/322)and 0.00%(0/92)respectively,there was no significant difference be-tween two groups(P =0.082 ).In obstetric group,pelvic infection rate in parturients who used ≤3 pieces of solu-ble hemostasis gauze was 0,used >3 pieces was 11 .82%,there was significant difference between the two (P <0.001).Conclusion Rational use of soluble hemostasis gauze in caesarean operation can effectively avoid postopera-tive pelvic infection.

Significance of carbonic anhydrase IX protein in fibrotic foci of mammary invasive ductal carcinomas / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship between fibrotic focus (FF) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX in invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In 167 cases of IDC, the FF was assessed morphologically, and expression of ER, PR and CA IX was evaluated using MaxVision immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of CA IX in IDC with and without FF was 56.3% (45/80) and 28.7% (25/87) respectively, with significant difference (P=0.001). In IDC with FF, the CA IX expression of tumor cells in tumors with CA IX-positive fibroblasts (35/40, 87.5%) was significantly (P<0.001) higher than that in tumors with CA IX-negative fibroblasts (10/40, 25.0%). In IDC with FF, the CA IX expression of fibroblasts of FF in grade 3 IDC (23/33, 69.7%) was significantly (P=0.006) higher than that in grade 1+2 tumors (17/47, 36.2%). The ER and PR expression of tumor cells in tumors containing CA IX-negative fibroblasts was 72.5% (29/40) and 65.0% (26/40) respectively, whereas the ER and PR expression of tumor cells in tumors containing CA IX-positive fibroblasts was 50.0% (20/40) and 42.5% (17/40) respectively; the difference was statistically significant (for both ER and PR, P=0.04). The age of patients with tumors containing CA IX-negative fibroblasts was significantly (P=0.002) older than those containing CA IX-positive fibroblasts. The FF diameter/tumor diameter in tumors containing CA IX-positive fibroblasts was significantly larger than those containing CA IX-negative fibroblasts. (3) For the groups of tumor size≤2 cm and tumor size between 2 cm to 5 cm, the diameter of the fibrotic focus was significantly (P<0.01) smaller than the fibrotic focus size of tumors>5 cm in size.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CA IX expression is correlated with FF, and that in fibroblasts of FF correlated with patients' age, tumor grade, hormone receptors and FF diameter/tumor diameter. CA IX expression in FF might be a marker for poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer.</p>

Isolation of carbapenemase KPC-2 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudo-monas aeruginosa strains and resistance research / 军事医学

Objective To investigate the carbapenem-resistant mechanism of one strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae( KPN) and one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa( PAE) .Methods The identity of the isolates was confirmed by using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, 16S rDNA and special gene amplification .The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antimicrobial agents were determined by VITEK 2 Compact System .CarbaNP Antimicrobial susceptibility testing , plasmid extraction, electroporation experiment , PCR amplification, and cloning and sequencing were carried out to analyze the en-coding gene of β-lactamases.Results The types of β-lactamases of the KPN were blaKPC-2 and blaSHV, confirmed by se-quencing of the PCR products , and that of the PAE were blaKPC-2 .Only blaKPC-2 was displayed in both transformants .All of the results of CarbaNP were type A .Conclusion Both strains of KPN and PAE resisting to carbapenem produce a plasmid-mediated carbapenemase blaKPC-2 , which belongs to Bush group 2f, class A β-lactamase.The extended-spectrum β-lacta-mases gene encoding blaSHV of the KPN might be located in the chromosome or not in the plasmid carrying with blaKPC-2 .

Risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection in an intensive care unit / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To study the risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)in an intensive care unit (ICU),and provide scientific evidence for CRBSI prevention and control.Methods 1 677 ICU patients with central venous catheterization (CVC)for>48 hours between January 2008 and December 2012 were divided in-to CRBSI group and non-CRBSI group,risk factors for CRBSI were analyzed.Results The utilization rate of CVC was 92.88% (21 041 d);86 (5.13%)patients developed CRBSI,the incidence of CRBSI per 1 000 catheterization-day was 4.02,the mortality of CRBSI group was significantly higher than non-CRBSI group (58.14% [50/86]vs 36.83%[586/1 591])(χ2 =15.74,P 5 days,CVC>5 days,the episode of CVC>1 (P <0.01).Conclusion Realizing the occur-rence status and risk factors of CRBSI in ICU patients can provide reference for further targeted monitor and implementation of zero tolerance goal of the CRBSI.

Retinoic acid, testosterone or their combination affects the cell cycle of adipose-derived stem cells / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:The researches about the effect of retinoic acid on the proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells are rare, and the researches on the testosterone are mainly on the inhibition of cellaging. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of retinoic acid and testosterone or combination on the cellcycle of adipose derived stem cells. METHODS:Adipose derived stem cells were isolated from adult female Sprague Dawley rats with 2 months age and cultured in vitro til passage 3 adipose derived stem cells, and then the 3rd passage adipose-derived stem cells were performed with adipogenic induction, osteogenic induction and surface marker identification. The cells were divided into six groups:(1) Control group;(2) 10-5 mol/L retinoic acid group;(3) Retinoic acid group;(4) 10-5 mol/L retinoic acid+testosterone group;(5) 10-6 mol/L retinoic acid+testosterone group;(6) Testosterone group. The adipose-derived stem cells in the control group were cultured with Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium+10%fetal bovine serum culture medium, and the adipose-derived stem cells in the other five groups were induced with corresponding dose of retinoic acid and testosterone on the basis of control group. After cultured for 36 hours, the flow cytometry was used to detect the changes of cellcycle. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group, cellproportions in phase G 1 of 10-5 mol/L retinoic acid group and 10-6 mol/L retinoic acid group were increased significantly, and the cellproportions in phase S were decreased. Compared with control group, the cellproportion in phase G 1 of testosterone group was significantly reduced, and the cellproportion in phase S was increased. Compared with 10-5 mol/L retinoic acid group and 10-6 mol/L retinoic acid group, cellproportions in phase G 1 of 10-5 mol/L retinoic acid+testosterone group and 10-6 mol/L retinoic acid+testosterone group were reduced significantly and the cellproportions in phase S were increased. Retinoic acid can inhibit the cellcycle of adipose-derived stem cells in phase G 1 , and delay the process of the cellcycle from phase G1 to phase S;while testosterone can promote the cellcycle of adipose-derived stem cells from phase G1 to phase S;the combination induction of retinoic acid and testosterone can accelerate the process of the cellcycle of adipose-derived stem cells from phase G 1 to phase S.

Hand hygiene intervention to reduce healthcare-associated infection rate in an intensive care unit / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of health care workers’(HCWs)hand hygiene intervention in healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in an intensive care unit(ICU).Methods Intervention measures of hand hygiene were adopted,effective supervision and management systems were established,hand hygiene compliance and HAI rate be-fore intervention(January-December 2012)and after intervention (the first stage:January-June 2013;the second stage:Ju-ly-December 2013)were compared.Results A total of 4 066 patients were surveyed,HCWs’hand hygiene compliance rate before intervention was 50.03%,the first and second stage after intervention was 61.80% and 64.57% respectively,there was increasing trend (rs=1.00,P<0.001).HAI before intervention was 5.48%,the first and second stage after inter-vention was 3.86% and 3.30% respectively,there was decreasing trend (rs=-1.00,P<0.001).Significant decreasing trends were found in rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection(CRBSI),catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)and ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)(rs=-1.00,P<0.001).There were negative correlations between hand hygiene compliance rate and the infection rate of ICU,infection rate of CRBSI,CAUTI and VAP (P<0.05 ). Conclusion The improvement of hand hygiene compliance can effectively reduce the incidence of HAI in ICU ward.

Efficacy of zhibituo combined with atorvastatin on type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia / 中国综合临床

Objective To observe the efficacy of zhibituo combined with atorvastatin on type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia and its impact on blood lipids,fibrinogen (Fib) and D-dimer.Methods One hundred and seventy type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia visited our hospital from January 2010 to December 2012 were randomly divided into observation group and control group(with 85 cases in each group).Control group were given atorvastatin (1 0 mg,1 times / day),and the observation group were treated with zhibituo(1.05 g,3 times/day) on the basis of atorvastatin treatment,both treatment were 8 weeks.The levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG),glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc),lipids,Fib and D-dimer were observed before and after treatment,and the efficacy of the two groups were compared.Results The efficacy in observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (92.94％ (79/85) vs.81.18％ (69/85),x2 =4.229,P ＜ 0.05).There was significant difference on the levels of total cholesterol (TC) ((7.46 ±1.83) mmol/L vs.(4.28 ± 1.94) mmol/L,triglycerides (TG) (3.57 ± 1.32) mmoL/L vs.(1.47 ± 0.86)mmol/L,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (4.68 ± 1.04) mmol/L vs.(2.19 ± 0.72) mmol/L,high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (0.85 ± 0.21) mmol/L,vs.1.47 ± 0.43) mmol/L,fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ((8.65 ± 2.19) mmol/L vs.(6.38 ± 0.83) mmol/L).glvcosvlated hemoglobin (HbAlc) ((7.49 ± 1.67)％ vs.(6.28 ± 1.48)％),fibre(FiB) ((7.42 ± 1.38) mg/L vs.(3.76 ± 1.18)mg/L),and D-dimer ((1.18 ±0.17) g/L vs.(0.51 ±0.18) g/L) in observation group before and after treatment(t =10.993,12.289,18.849,11.945,8.936,4.999,18.584,24.949 respectively,all P ＜ 0.05).And there was also significant difference on the levels ofTC ((7.51 ± 1.27) mmol/L vs.(5.10 ±2.18) mmol/L),TG((3.48 ± 1.29) mmol/L vs.(1.88 ±0.37) mmol/L),LDL-C((4.57 ± 1.18) mmol/L vs.(2.81 ±0.83) mmol/L),HDL-C ((0.83 ± 0.22) mmol/L vs.(1.16 ± 0.28) mmol/L),FPG((8.72 ± 1.92) mmol/L vs.(7.42 ± 1.82) mmol/L),HbAlc((7.53 ± 1.32)％ vs.(6.79 ± 1.23)％),Fib((7.38 ± 1.63) mg/L vs.(4.41 ± 1.02) mg/L) and D-dimer ((1.20 ±0.15) g/L vs.(0.65 ±0.12) g/L) in control group before and after treatment (t =8.807,10.992,11.248,8.544,4.530,3.781,14.240,26.397,respectively,all P ＜0.05).The elevated levels of the observation group were more obvious compared with control group ((t =2.591,4.038,5.202,5.570,4.793,2.443,3.842,5.967 respectively,all P ＜0.01).Conclusion The efficacy of zhibituo combined with atorvastatin is obvious in type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia,it is helpful to regulate the disorders of fibrinolysis and coagulation.

Effect of retinoic acid on alkaline phosphatase expression in rat adipose-derived stem cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) induced by retinoic acid (RA) in vitro express primordial germ cell marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and vasa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>ADSCs were isolated from adult female SD rats and cultured in vitro. The third passage of ADSCs was identified by adipogenic differentiation, osteogenic differentiation and cell surface marker detection. The ADSCs were treated with 1×10(-5), 1×10(-6), or 1×10(-7) mol/L RA for 7 or 14 days, and the cellular expression of ALP was detected. vasa mRNA expression in ADSCs treated with 1×10(-5) mol/L RA for 7 days was detected using RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The OD value of ADSCs treated with 1×10(-5), 1×10(-6), or 1×10(-7) mol/L RA was 0.59∓0.04, 0.27∓0.07, and 0.15∓0.03 after a 7-day treatment, and was 0.42∓0.02, 0.34∓0.01, and 0.19∓0.02 after a 14-day treatment, respectively, demonstrating significantly enhanced ALP expression in RA-treated ADSCs compared with that in the control cells (0.07∓0.01 and 0.07∓0.01 at 7 and 14 days, respectively, P<0.01). The ADSCs showed a negative vasa mRNA expression after 1×10(-5) mol/L RA treatment for 7 days.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RA-induced ADSCs express ALP, a marker of primordial germ cells, but does not express the primordial germ cell marker vasa.</p>

Anti-aging effect of allografting adipose-derived stem cells in rats / 解剖学报

Objective To observe the effect of transplanting the adipose-dervived stem cells(ADSCs) on free radical metabolism and immune function of rat aging model induced by D-galactose from fasiaology perspective;to explore a new method for anti-aging. Methods The ADSCs were cultured in vitro. Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal control group(A), aging model group(B) and treat group(C). Ten rats in each group. Rats in B and C groups were injected D-galactose continually into make the sub-acute aging model rats.After 8-week injections of D-galactose;R3ats in group C were injected ADSCs(3×10~6/ml) through caudal vein. After 2-week transplantions of ADSCs, T-SOD, CuZn-SOD, MDA, NO, IL-2 and spleen index levels in serums of each group were detected and compared among the three groups. Results Compared with the A group, the SOD, NO, IL-2 level and spleen index in serum in group B decreased significantly, while the contents of MDA increased significantly. Compared with group B, the SOD, NO, IL-2 level and spleen index in serum in group C had been improved, and the contents of MDA decreased significantly. Conclusion Transplanting ADSCs can improve the antioxidant ability and strengthen the cellular immune function of aging rats.Further more, it can delay the ageing procedure induced by D-galactose in rats.

Effect of continous subcutaneous insulin infusion and mutiple subcutaneous insulin infusion on type 2 diabetes mellitus during perioperation / 中国综合临床

Objective To study the effect of continous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and mutiple subcutaneous insulin infusion (MSII) on type 2 diabetes mellitus during perioperation. Methods One hundred and eighty surgical patients complicated with Type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into two groups,98 cases in the CSII group (treated with CSII of novolin R) and 82 cases in the MSII group (treated with MSII of novolin R and no-volin N). Blood glucose level,the time to reach normal blood glucose level, the average dosage of insulin, the inci-dence of hypoglycemic,infection rate of incisions and inpatient days were measured in two groups before and after treatment. Results The level of fasting blood glucose after treatment in the CSII group (4.8 mmol/L (SD: 1.6)) was significantly lower than that of the MSII group (6.4 mmol/L(SD :2.1)) (t = 7.74,P < 0.05), and 2-h glucose in the CSII group (7.6 mmol/L(SD :2.3)) was significantly lower than that of the MSII group (9.3 mmol/L(SD: 2.4)) (t = 7.72, P < 0.05). The time to reach normal blood glucose level in the CSII group (4.1 days (SD: 2.9)) was shorter than that of MSII group (6.9 days (SD :2.0)) (t=2.81, P < 0.05). The average dosage of insulin in the CSII group (40.7 U(SD: 10.3)) was lower than that of the MSII group (63.2 U (SD: 17.0)) (t=3.57, P <0.05). The incidence of hypoglycemic in the CSII group (3.05%) was lower than that of the MSII group (9.20%) (χ~2 = 4.92,P < 0.05). The infection rate of incisions in the CSII group (0.0%) was lower than that of the MSII group (10.9%) (χ~2 =4.18, P < 0.05). The inpatient days in the CSII group (15.3 days (SD :7.2)) was shorter than that of the MSII group (22.5 days (SD :9.7)) (t = 3.12, P < 0.05). Conclusions Compared to multiple sub-cutaneous insulin infusion, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is more effective in controlling blood glucose, hypoglycemic and incision infection, thus is recommend to perioperative patients complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Effect of negative pressure suction on rabbit retina structure / 中国康复理论与实践

@# ObjectiveTo study the effect of negative pressure suction during laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) on rabbit retinal structure.Methods32 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into normal control, experimental control, negative suction 45 seconds and negative suction 3 minutes groups. Experimental control groups were treated only using eximer laser. In negative suction groups, rabbit eyes were suction for 45 seconds or 3 minutes by negative pressure generator. The tissues of optic nerve and retina both after negative pressure suction and of normal rabbit eyes were examined with electron and light microscope 0, 7, 14, 28 days after operation. ResultsThere was no change in the tissues of optic nerve and retina between normal control and experimental control. After the negative pressure suction for 45 s, the optic nerve and retinal cells changed lightly at different time point. After the negative pressure suction for 3 min, the optic nerve fibers and retinal cells changed sharply during postoperative instant to 14th days, which can be recovered until 28 days after operation.ConclusionUltrastructural changes of retina and optic nerve may be induced by acute intraocular pressure elevation caused by negative pressure suction during LASIK.

THE OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT OF CAROTID CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULAE / 解放军医学杂志

The records of 10 consecutive cases that sustaining traumatic CCF were retrospectively reviewed.The age of cases ranged from 18 to 55 years old, and all of them were complicated with fracture of orbit and base of skull.The causes of injuries, the characteristics of ocular manifestations,the findings in CT or cerebral angiography, and methods of treatment of CCF were analysed. The results showed that 9 cases were cured by operation (90%). The cavernous sinus fistulae were closed. The ocular signs such as exophthalmos, vascular murmur in eyelid and conjunctival swelling disappeared.One case had remaining exophthalmos.Nine patients who were cured were followed up for 6 months to 10 years.No ocular signs recurred in all cases. In 2 cases there were mild complications.It suggested that the pulsating exophthalmos,vessel murmur in eyelid and marked conjunctival vessel dilatation were the characteristics of ocular manifestations in CCF. Endovascular embolization with detachable balloon or spring coil is currently the treatment of choice and it is efficacious and safe in traumatic CCF.