ABSTRACT
Precise classification of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies is vital for the treatment and prognostication. Identification of noninvasive markers can be of importance to guide treatment decisions and in monitoring treatment response. CNS tumors are classified based on morphology with an essential complement of molecular changes, including mutations, amplifications, and methylation. Neuroimaging is the mainstay for initial diagnosis and monitoring tumor response with obvious limitations of imprecise tumor typing and no information on diagnostic, predictive and prognostic markers. Liquid biopsy has evolved as a diagnostic tool in body fluids and is being investigated as a surrogate for tissue biopsy in managing primary and metastatic brain tumors. Liquid biopsy refers to analyzing biological fluids such as peripheral blood, urine, pleural effusion, ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); however, peripheral blood remains the primary source of fluid biopsy. The analytes include cell-free DNA (cfDNA) circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating micro RNAs (miRNAs), circulating proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Analysis of these components is actively used for early cancer detection, auxiliary staging, prognosis assessment, detection of minimal residual disease (MRD), and monitoring drug resistance in various solid tumors. In recent years, liquid biopsy has been studied in CNS tumors, and analysis of CTCs and cfDNA have become relevant research topics. In the current review, we have explained the clinical potential of liquid biopsy in CNS tumors to assist in diagnosing and predicting prognosis and response to treatment.
ABSTRACT
The mutagenicity of caffeine was studied by using 2 different Ames Salmonellamutagenicity tester strains. Three short-term assays [plate incorporation,preincubation and the Ames-fluctuation test] were carried out to evaluate thegenotoxicity of caffeine. The effect of some extracts of the culturalfiltrate of Alternaria eichhorniae on the original strains and theirrevertants was also examined. Mutagenicity data for caffeine demonstrated adose-response at levels that are not excessively toxic to bacteria. In allcases, the addition of preincubation resulted in greater sensitivity thanplate incorporation. Testing conducted with strains that carry the base- pairsubstitutions and frame-shift mutations in different repair backgroundsindicated that the presence of pKM101 and the deletion of the uvr B genefacilitate the detection of caffeine as mutagen. The mutagenic activity ofcaffeine determined by employing Salmonella typhimurium mutagenesis assay[TA1535 and TA97] revealed the mutagenic potency of base-pair substitutions andframe-shift mutations in all assays, without any need for metabolicactivation, indicating the presence of direct-action mutagen
Subject(s)
Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagenesis , Salmonella typhimuriumABSTRACT
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) disposable endotracheal suction catheters were successfully used as temporary intravascular shunts in 5 patients of popliteal artery trauma. These simple shunts should be used routinely in such conditions to immediately re-establish blood supply to the ischaemic limb particularly in patients of polytrauma where systemic anticoagulation is contraindicated. This avoids the inherent delay prior to vascular repair and reduces the incidence of irreversible ischemia.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Traffic , Adolescent , Adult , Blood Vessel Prosthesis/standards , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Intubation, Intratracheal/instrumentation , Male , Popliteal Artery/injuries , Treatment Outcome , Wounds and Injuries/etiologyABSTRACT
A case of successful surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot with complete atrioventricular canal in 4 year old female child is reported. Double patch technique and combined right atrial and right ventricular (RV) approach were used to repair this defect. The ventricular patch was tailored wide and redundant anteriorly in the form of a sail to prevent subaortic obstruction. Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction was relieved through an infundibular incision with subsequent use of subannular pericardial patch. The relevant literature on the management of this rare anomaly is briefly reviewed.
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Endocardial Cushion Defects/complications , Female , Heart Ventricles/surgery , Humans , Polytetrafluoroethylene , Prostheses and Implants , Tetralogy of Fallot/complicationsABSTRACT
Fifteen patients of tetralogy of Fallot with an anomalous left anterior descending coronary artery arising from the right coronary artery were operated during a period of 1982 and 1988. One patient died in the early post-operative period (6.6%). Two patients had a hemodynamically insignificant residual ventricular septal defect. Post-operative peak systolic pressure gradient between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery ranged from 10 mm Hg to 40 mm Hg (mean 24 mm Hg) in 4 patients. There was no incidence of inadvertent coronary artery division.
Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/surgery , Child , Child, Preschool , Coronary Vessel Anomalies/surgery , Female , Humans , Male , Tetralogy of Fallot/surgeryABSTRACT
The crude extract and saponins of Indian pseudoginseng and saponins of Korean ginseng have been studied using a battery of biological tests in rats and mice. Indian pseudoginseng saponins were found to exhibit better activity than the Korean ginseng saponins in several tests employed. The results indicate a need for in-depth study of Indian pseudoginseng as an adaptogenic agent, after cultivation of the plant under controlled conditions.
Subject(s)
Animals , Hypoxia/drug therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Hypothermia/immunology , Mice , Panax , Plants, Medicinal , Saponins/immunology , Stress, Physiological/drug therapyABSTRACT
Four hundred and sixty eight patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction [AMI] were reviewed and classified into two groups those who showed the reciprocal ST-segment depression [positive group] and those who did not [negative group]. The incidence of serious arrhythmias: Ventricular Fibrillation [VF], Ventricular Tachycardia [VT], and Ventricular Ectopics [VE] was 10%,43%, and 75% respectivly in the positive group, and 0%,20%, and 54% in the negative group. No patient in the negative group developed primary VF. In the positive group the incidence of heart failure and cardiogenic shoch were higher: 52% and 11% respectivly, compared to 36% and 3.5% respectively in the negative group. In hospital the total mortality was 10.6%, 80% of which was in the positive group and 20% in the negative group. Reciprocal ST-segment depression in AMI was associated with a high incidence of serious arrhythmias, heart failure and cardiogenic shock, and can be used as an index of high risk patients