CD10 and CA19.9 immunohistochemical expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is the most common malignancy affecting the urinary tract ranking the 5[th] among males and the 9[th] among females' cancers in Iraq. The prognosis depends largely on the histological grade and stage of the tumor at diagnosis; however, there is no reliable parameter predicting the risk of recurrence or progression; molecular and immunological markers may be required to estimate the individual prognosis of patients as well as for effective diagnosis and treatment. To evaluate CD10 and CA19.9 immunohistochemical expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and to correlate this expression with the grade and stage of the tumor. This study was retrospectively designed. Forty-nine cystoscopy specimens of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder were retrieved from the archival materials of the Specialized Surgical Hospital and Al-Khadhmiya Teaching Hospital in Baghdad for the period from January 2010 to June 2011. Three sections of 5- m thickness were taken from each case. One section was stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin; the other two were stained immunohistochemically with CA19.9 and CD10. Immunohistochemical expression of CA19.9 and CD10 had a significant correlation with WHO 2004 grade of urothelial carcinoma. There was no significant correlation between CA19.9 and CD10 immunohistochemical expression with stage. CA19.9 and CD10 immunohistochemical expression could be of value in assisting the differentiation between high and low-grade urothelial carcinoma cases and consequently in determining the prognosis in such cases

Dose-dependent protective effects of silymarin against ccu-induced liver damage in rats

Silymarin, the dried extract of the ripe seeds of Silybum marianum is found to be a powerful protective agent against xenobiotics-induced tissue injury in many organs, including liver. However, the dose-dependent relationship of this effect and tissue availability is not fully explored. So, this project was designed to evaluate the relationship between dose, tissue availability and tissue protection of silymarin against ccu-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. The tissue protective effects of silymarin were studied through the pre-treatment of rats with various doses [250, 500, and l000 mg/kg] orally twice daily before the induction of hepatotoxicity of ccl4. Malondialdehyde [MDA] and glutathione [GSH] were evaluated in the serum and tissue homogenate. The activities of different enzymes, which are considered as indicators of organ toxicity like alanine amino transaminase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransaminase [AST] were assessed. Histopathological examination of stained tissue sections from the liver were done to evaluate the protective effect at the microscopical levels. In addition, silymarin level in liver tissue homogenate -was evaluated using HPLC method. The data obtained indicated that, a significant amelioration of oxidative stress experimentally induced in the liver of rats was produced by silymarin, as evidenced by lowering MDA contents and elevation of GSH levels both in the tissues and serum compared with controls. Serum activities of ALT and AST were normalized. Additionally, histologically evident damage in the liver had improved In addition, increasing silymarin dose after oral administration resulted in increased tissue availability of many constituents. There is a dose-dependent relationship in the hepatoprotective effect of silymarin against ccU-induced hepatotoxicity in rats