The concentration of the amniotic fluid angiogenin and interleukin-6 in the pregnancy with elevated maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin during the second trimester / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: This study is to measure the level of concentration of angiogenin, a cause of potent neovascularization and a marker of ischemia, and of interleukin-6 (IL-6), an indicator of acute inflammation, in the amniotic fluid of patients with elevated maternal serum free beta-hCG level during the second-trimester. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with elevated maternal serum free beta-hCG level (>2.5 MoM) at double screening test of Down syndrome were compared with the controlled group (<2.0 MoM). This study includes singleton gestation, gestational age of 14-18 weeks, and has no evidence of fetal structural and chromosomal anomalies. The levels of amniotic angiogenin and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. p value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Amniotic angiogenin levels in the studied group were much lower than those in the controlled group (p<0.05), whereas the difference of IL-6 levels between the two groups was not significant. Nine studied patients delivered small for gestational age infants, but only one controlled patient (p<0.05) had the same infant. Other variables of perinatal outcome were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: That amniotic fluid angiogenin levels are significantly lower in patients with elevated maternal serum free beta-hCG suggests an inadequate angiogenesis. Elevated maternal serum free beta-hCG levels correlate with fetal growth restriction. IL-6 values in both groups have no significant difference.

A Case of Bilateral Renal Agenesis Diagnosed by Prenatal Ultrasonography / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Fetal bilateral renal agenesis is a lethal congenital anomaly. An early and reliable prenatal diagnosis is extremely important as it may offer options for pregnancy termination as early as possible. The criteria for the ultrasonographic diagnosis of bilateral renal agenesis are severe oligohydramnios, nonvisualization of the bladder, and the empty renal fossae. However, severe oligohydramnios makes it difficult to diagnose the disease because of poor sonographic resolution. We present a case of fetal bilateral renal agenesis diagnosed by ultrasonography after amnioinfusion at 19 weeks gestation.

Pregnancy Outcome in Renal Allograft Recipients / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pre-pregnancy and pregnancy factors influencing pregnancy outcome in renal transplanted women Materials and METHODS: This retrospective study included all pregnancies in renal transplanted women in Asan Medical Center between June 1996 and February 1998. We collected data from the medical records of allograft recipients. Pre-pregnant status and pregnancy outcome were described. RESULTS: Seventeen pregnancies in 13 allograft recipients resulted in 7 term deliveries, 4 preterm births, 2 spontaneous abortions, and 4 therapeutic abortions. All but one patient received immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporin A, azathioprine, and prednisolone during pregnancy. The mean interval from the time of transplantation to conception was 28.8+/-14.3 months(range 6-60 months). In live birth group, the mean gestational age at delivery was 37.7+/-1.2 weeks and the mean birth weight of their offspring was 2.85+/-0.37 kilogram. Apgar scores at 5 minutes were 8 or more in all of them. The obstetric complications were distributed as follows: pregnancy induced hypertension in 6 cases(55%), pregnancy aggravated hypertension in 2 cases(18%), fetal growth restriction in 1 case(9%), prematurity in 4 cases(36%). Cesarean sections were done in 4 cases(36%) because of previous Cesarean section(3 cases) and uncontrolled hypertension(1 case). Neonatal complication, transient tachypnea of the newborn, was found in one case. Graft rejection after transplantation occurred in 4 cases: 3 cases in preterm births and 1 case in therapeutic abortions. Maternal renal functions were normal during pregnancy and postpartum period whose pre-pregnant renal functions had been normal. No patient experienced any rejection episode or graft loss during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Successful pregnancy can be expected in women with a renal transplant, although there was high incidence of pregnancy-related complications, especially hypertensive disorders. Pregnancy can be encouraged to these allograft recipients if they have good renal function.

Changes in nitric oxide production in preeclampsia / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes of nitric oxide production in preeclampsia, the concentration of nitric oxide metabolite, nitrite, was measured in umbilical vein after perfusing plasma from normal pregnant women and preeclamptic pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 15 normal and 15 preeclamptic umbilical cords were obtained at the time of cesarean section. Two pieces of umbilical cord in equal length(20 cm in length) were prepared from each umbilical cord. Two pieces of umbilical cord were connected in parallel in a perfusion chamber. One piece of umbilical cord was perfused sequentially for 20-minutes' interval with the perfusates in the order of cord buffer, cord buffer including 15% normal pregnant serum, 15% normal pregnant serum with histamine(10-5mol/L), 15% normal pregnant serum with calcium ionophore A23187(5 mol/L) and the other one was perfused exactly same way using 15% preeclamptic serum instead of 15% normal pregnant serum. All the perfusates used were gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 and warmed to 37degree C. Perfusates were collected in eppendorf tube and freezed at -70degree C until assayed. NO was measured by means of Greiss reaction. one way ANOVA and paired t-test were used where appropriate and p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: NO production in normal umbilical cords was not different regardless of perfusate. Although adding histamine and calcium ionophore, the NO production was slightly increased but statistically not significant in both groups. NO production in preeclamtic umbilical cords was significantly increased with 15% preclamptic serum(15% normal serum vs. 15% preeclamptic serum; 0.060+/-0.016microgram/ml/min vs 0.075+/-0.014microgram/ml/min, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The preeclamptic sera may not affect the production of NO in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The biologic significance of increased NO production in preeclamptic umbilical cord with perfusing preeclamptic serum is unknown, but it might be compensation for the vasoconstriction of preeclampsia.

Is fetal growth discordancy a risk factor for perinatal and neonatal outcomes in twin gestations? / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether twin discordancy is a risk factor for adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: Three hundred and seventy-five twin gestations over 28 weeks of gestation were included in this retrospective study. Medical records of mothers and infants were reviewed. Pregnancies were divided into 2 groups according to the birth weight discordancy(%) between twin neonates(group I;less than 25%, group II;25% or more). Birth weight discordancy was calculated from following formula; (birth weight of larger twin-birth weight of smaller twin)/birth weight of larger twin x 100. Perinatal and neonatal outcomes in group I and II were compared with each other. Also, difference in the outcomes between the smaller and larger twins of group II was evaluated. To evaluate whether birth weight discordancy is an independent variable in predicting poor perinatal and neonatal outcomes, multiple logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS: Thirty-seven gestations(9.9%) were documented to belong to group II. Group II showed significantly higher incidence of preeclampsia, placenta previa, and small for gestational age infants(p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). The group also showed higher incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes(admission to neonatal intensive care unit, respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, congenital anomaly, neonatal death, p<0.01). Outcomes of the larger and smaller twins of group II were not significantly different with each other except small for gestational age infants(p<0.005). However, birth weight discordancy was not an independent variable in predicting adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSION: Fetal growth discordancy of 25% or more should be regarded as a risk factor for adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes in twin gestations. However it is not an independent factor in predicting adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes.

Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnancies Complicated with Placenta Previa Totalis / 대한주산의학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To determine the dincal significance of placenta previa totalis. METHODS: Maternal and neonatal medical rerords were reviewed retrospectively. Between March 1990 and June 1997, sixty-nine pregnant women with placenta previa totalis delivered at Asan Medical Center. Diagnosis of placenta previa totalis was confirmed during cesarean section. RESULTS: Mean maternal age at diagnosis was 31.7+ 3.9 years and 3 patients(4.3%) were nullipara. Fifty two patients(75%) had the history of vaginal bleeding during their index pregnancy and seventeen of 52 patients were admitted more than once. Median gestational age at the time of initial bleeding episode was 33.2 weeks(range 23.5-41. 1) and median interval from the first admission to delivery was 11 days(range 1-63), Major placental implantation site was posterior uterine wall(64%, 44/69). Six cases(8%) were complicated with placenta accreta or increta and no case was combined with abruptio placentae. Estimated blood loss at the time of cesarean section was 1,510+/-952ml(mean+/-SD) and 43 patients(62%) were transfused. No case was complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Eight patients(11.6%, 8/69) underwent cesarean hysterectomy because of uncontrollable bleeding. Thirty four patients(49.3%) delivered their babies before 37 weeks of gestation. The mean gestational age at delivery was 36.4+/-3.0 weeks(mean+/-SD). Major neonatal morbidity was respiratory distress syndrome(20.3%, 14/69). Perinatal death rate was 4.3%(3/70). CONCLUSION: Because pregnant women complicated with placenta previa totalis have high probability for transfusion and cesarean hysterectomy, these patients should be managed cautiously and thoroughly. The most frequent neonatal morbidity was respiratory distress syndrome due to preterm delivery.

A Case of Werniche's Encephalopathy in Hyperemesis Grevidarum / 대한주산의학회잡지

Werniche's encephalopathy is clinically characterized by the acute onset of global confusion, ataxia, gaze paresis, and nystagmus. It result from a deficiency in thiamine, an essential coenzyme in intermediate carbohydrate metabolism. The prompt use of thiamine prevents progression of the disease and reverses those lesions that have not yet progressed to the point of fixed structural change. We experienced a case of Wemiches encephalopathy associated with hyperemesis gravidarum, which happens to the patient who are injected only dextrose without thiamine. Therefore, we emphasize the need of thiamine replacement in hyperemesis gravidarum.

A case of nonimmunologic hydrops fetalis / 대한산부인과학회잡지

No abstract available.