Axillary temperature measurements based on smart wearable thermometers in South Korean children: comparison with tympanic temperature measurements

Purpose@#This study explored the validity of a new type of thermometer and parent satisfaction with the new device. This 24-hour continuous monitoring smart wearable wireless thermometer (TempTraq®) uses a very small semiconductor sensor with a thin patch-like shape. @*Methods@#We obtained 397 sets of TempTraq® axillary temperatures and tympanic temperatures from 44 pediatric patients. Agreement between the axillary and tympanic measurements, as well as the validity of the TempTraq® axillary temperatures, were evaluated. Satisfaction surveys were completed by 41 caregivers after the measurements. @*Results@#The TempTraq® axillary temperatures demonstrated a strong positive correlation with the tympanic temperatures. The Bland-Altman plot and analysis of TempTraq® axillary temperatures and tympanic temperatures showed that the mean difference was +0.45 ℃, the 95% limits of agreement were -0.57 to +1.46 ℃. Based on a tympanic temperature of 38 ℃, the results of validity of fever detection were sensitivity 0.85 and specificity 0.86. Satisfaction scores for TempTraq® temperature measurement were all > 4 points (satisfactory). @*Conclusion@#TempTraq® smart axillary temperature measurement is an appropriate method for measuring children's temperatures since it was highly correlated to tympanic temperatures, had a reliable level of sensitivity and specificity, and could be used safely and conveniently.

Developing and Evaluating a Mobile-based Parental Education Program for Preventing Unintentional Injuries in Early Childhood: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Purpose@#This randomized controlled experimental study verified the educational effect of a mobile-based parental education program for preventing unintentional early childhood injuries. @*Methods@#(Design and Methods) From August 2019 to September 2019, 167 participants were recruited from parenting portal sites and randomly assigned to an e-learning group (n = 59), an electronic document distribution (EDD) group (n = 53), and a control group with no intervention (n = 55). Participants self-reported data regarding their safety knowledge and behavior before and after the experiment. Each intervention group received an e-learning program and electronic educational documents for two weeks and a satisfaction survey. Using an ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model, the relevant e-learning contents were developed with the Storyline 360 program. The collected data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA, 2-way ANOVA, and independent t-test. @*Results@#were as follows: (1) Postintervetion, no significant differences regarding safety knowledge were observed between the e-learning group, EDD group, and control group. (2) Postintervention, statistically significant differences regarding safety behaviors were observed between the three groups: 3.52 ± 0.28 (e-learning group), 3.51 ± 0.28 (EDD group), and 3.32 ± 0.25 (control group) (F = 10.091, p < .001). (3) No significant differences regarding education-related satisfaction were observed. @*Conclusions@#The mobile-based educational program for preventing unintentional injuries positively affected safety behavior in this study. Mobile-based parental education programs could contribute toward effectively preventing unintentional injuries in early childhood because many parents can use these without time and space constraints.

Development and Validation of a Self-control Competency Scale for Late-school-aged Children

Purpose@#The aim of this study was to develop a self-control competency scale for school-aged children and to confirm its reliability and validity. @*Methods@#This study involved methodological research to verify the reliability and validity of a self-control competency scale for school-aged children. Data were collected from 438 students in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school. @*Results@#The self-control competency scale was composed of 13 items and six subscales (control of relationship with one's teacher, problem-solving, peer empathy, control of relationships with one's peers, impulse control, and emotional control). The internal consistency reliability of the scale was evaluated using Cronbach's ⍺, which was .83 for the entire scale and ranged from .65 to .76 for the subscales. The model of six subscales was validated by CFA (CMIN/df=1.977; p<.001, GFI=.94, SRMR=.050, RMSEA=.065, IFI=.95, TLI=.93, CFI=.95). Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing this scale to the scale developed by Nam and Ok (2000), and a significant correlation was found (r=.82, p<.001). On this scale, higher scores indicate higher levels of self-control among late-school-aged children. @*Conclusion@#This scale can be used as a valid and reliable instrument for examining self-control competency among late-school-aged children.

The Effects of the 5-step Method for Infant Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training on Nursing Students' Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance Ability

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training program that applied the 5-step method on the knowledge, attitudes, and performance ability of nursing students in terms of enhancement and sustainability. METHODS: Sixty-one nursing students (28 in the experimental group and 33 in the control group) from D city participated in this study. Data were collected from April 25 to December 15, 2016. The experimental group and control group received infant CPR education using the 5-step method and the traditional method, respectively. The outcome variables were measured 3 times (pretest and posttest at 1 week and 6 months after training). RESULTS: There were significant differences in attitude (t=2.68, p=.009) and performance ability (t=4.56, p < .001) between the groups at 1 week after training, as well as in sustained performance ability at 6 months after training (F=6.76, p=.012). CONCLUSION: The 5-step method of infant CPR training was effective for improving performance ability in a sustained manner and promoting a positive attitude. Therefore, it is recommended that nursing students, as infant CPR novices, receive training using this effective method.

Construction of a Model of Aggression in the Upper Grades of Elementary School

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to construct a structural model that explains the factors affecting aggression among elementary school students and to verify their suitability.METHODS: The study period was from June to August 2018. The study subjects were fifth- and sixth- graders at an elementary school. In total, 291 surveys were collected, of which 259 were analyzed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 and AMOS version 24.0.RESULTS: The fit of the final model was acceptable (χ2=160.08 [p<.001], GFI=.921, AGFI=.869, CFI=.919, SRMR=.057, and RMSEA=.086). Thus, eight of the 10 hypotheses were shown to be statistically significant.CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that positive and open parenting behaviors and training children to engage in self-control are needed to reduce their aggression. In addition, considerable attention and education are required in the home, school, and society so that children can learn to properly recognize and express their emotions and establish suitable beliefs regarding aggressive behavior.

The Effects of Simulation Education for New Nurses on Emergency Management Using Low-fidelity Simulator / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: This study focuses on investigating the effectiveness of simulation education on emergency management using a low-fidelity simulator as related to clinical skill performance, self-confidence, knowledge, learning satisfaction, and critical thinking disposition in new nurses. METHODS: A pre-post test experimental design of nonequivalent control group was applied. Fifty-five new nurses were recruited, 28 nurses for the experimental group and 27 nurses for the control group. A simulation education for emergency management comprising knowledge lecture, team learning, skill education, team simulation, and debriefing was developed and implemented from Feb. 14 to 27, 2015. Data were analyzed with percentage, average, and standard deviation, chi-square, and t-test using SPSS. RESULTS: The experimental group showed significantly higher knowledge (t=5.81, p<.001), clinical skill performance (t=10.08, p<.001), self-confidence (t=-6.24, p<.001), critical thinking disposition (t=2.42, p=.019), and learning satisfaction (t=4.21, p<.001) for emergency management compared with the control group who had traditional lecture education. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that a simulation education using a low-fidelity simulator is an efficient teaching method for new nurses to deepen their clinical skill performance, self-confidence, knowledge, learning satisfaction, and critical thinking disposition in learning emergency management.

Factors Influencing the Happiness of Late School-aged Children: A Focus on Family Strength and Self-control

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to obtain research-based evidence on the relationships among general characteristics, family strength, self-control, and happiness among late school-aged children using a correlational research design. METHODS: The participants were 172 fifth- and sixth-grade students from two public elementary schools. Data were collected by employing structured questionnaires, including the Korean Family Strengths Scale for Strengthening Family II, a self-control scale, and a happiness scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23.0. RESULTS: The level of happiness of late school-aged students showed significant correlations with family strength (r=.78, p<.001), and self-control (r=.59, p<.001). Family strength had a significant positive correlation with self-control (r=.55, p<.001). The factors with a significant impact on participants' happiness were family strength (β=.63, p<.001), self-control (β=.21, p<.001), exercise frequency, and self-perceived health. The total explanatory power of the model was 69%, and the explanatory power of family strength for the level of happiness was 61%, showing that the family strength was the most important factor that promoted happiness in late school-aged students. CONCLUSION: These findings imply that improving family strength is an important aspect of promoting happiness among late school-aged children. Interventions to strengthen late school-aged children's self-control are also necessary.

Reliability and Validity of Korean Version of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory

PURPOSE: This study presents methodological research that aimed to verify the content validity, construct validity, reliability, and criterion-related validity of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI), originally developed by Milner and then translated into Korean by Ahn. METHODS: Data used in this study were collected from 209 mothers of infants, toddlers, and children of preschool age in D metropolitan city. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 24. RESULTS: The Korean version of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (K-CAPI) was developed by condensing 44 of the original 77 CAPI items. Four factors of K-CAPI were extracted using principal component analysis. These 4 factors-distress; problems with child, self, family, and others; unhappiness; rigidity-accounted for 54.01% of variance. The Cronbach's α was .96, the Guttman split-half coefficient was .88, and test-retest reliability was r=.86 (p<.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study established the reliability and validity of the K-CAPI and found it to be an appropriate tool to evaluate mothers' potential to abuse their children.

Nurse's Perception of Cancer Treatment during Pregnancy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify the nurses' perceptions of the anticipated problems (including concern, anxiety etc.) of pregnant women that are diagnosed or treated with cancer using the Korean version of the Cancer and Pregnancy Questionnaire (CPQ) tool. METHODS: Data were collected from 475 clinical nurses working in hospitals using a questionnaire that included 40 items (consisting of 5 subscales) of the Korean version of the CPQ and 2 items of nursing confidence. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. The characteristics of the nurses were calculated as a percentage and mean with standard deviations. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the sub-domains of the Korean CPQ tool and the characteristics of the nurse. RESULTS: Nurses were most concerned about child health, cancer, and treatment of the women receiving cancer treatment during pregnancy; cancer treatment may be harmful to unborn child (6.20±1.00), will have a physical abnormality (6.08±1.06), have brain damaged or mental disability (6.07±1.04) and the extent of the physical exhaustion (6.12±0.88). CONCLUSION: Nurses need a more accurate understanding of the anxiety and stress of women about birth results and outcomes due to cancer treatment during pregnancy. They should be prepared to develop confidence in treatment for these patients.

Development of an Aggression Scale for Adolescents: Based on Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a scale for measuring aggression in adolescents, based on Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). METHODS: The participants were 38 adolescents in an in-depth study conducted to develop items for indirect measurement, 13 adolescents in a pre-test, and 289 adolescents in the present survey. The collected data were analyzed using content validity, the correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability, and the Cronbach's α. RESULTS: In this study, the most important variable related to aggression was found to be aggression intention. This study included 4 factors of direct measurement and 6 factors of indirect measurement; therefore, 41 questions were developed. Increased levels of aggression were associated with higher scores for attitudes of aggression, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and aggression intention. CONCLUSION: We found that the questionnaire used in this study was valid and reliable as a measurement scale to explain aggression in adolescents based on TPB. Aggression intention should be included in aggression prevention programs because it was linked to aggressive behavior.

Influences of Psychological Resilience and Self-control on Suicidal Ideation of Undergraduate Students / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: The study was done to examine undergraduate student' suicidal ideation and to identify influences of individual characteristics including psychological resilience and self-control on suicidal ideation. METHODS: Data were collected from 400 students in 11 universities in D city from May 1 to June 30, 2011. Data were analyzed with t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson' correlation using SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: Of the students, 11.3% reported suicidal ideation levels higher than average. Woman students and those with high career anxiety, perceived poor health condition and bad relationships showed higher points on suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was also negatively correlated with psychological resilience and self-control. CONCLUSION: Over 10.0% of students need careful attention on suicidal ideation, especially counselling service related to suicide prevention for students with poor health, high career anxiety, and bad relationships. Various programs should be developed to promote psychological resilience to improve health and relationships, as well as job guidance for students. It is also suggested the students' experiences be examined to determine how they overcame suicidal ideation.

Relationships among Premenstrual Syndrome, Perfection and Anxiety among the College Student

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the relationships among PMS, perfection, and anxiety in nursing college students and general college students. METHODS: The questionnaire survey was carried out with a convenience sample of 215 college students. The MDQ (Menstrual Distress Questionnaire), APS-R (Almost Perfect Scale-Revised), STAI (State and Trait Anxiety Inventory) were used. The data were collected from June to October, 2011. Data analysis included frequency, chi2-test, t-test, and Pearson correlation. RESULTS: There were significant differences in PMS and perfection but there not in anxiety between nursing college students and general college students. There were significant correlations among PMS, perfection and anxiety in nursing college students, and there were significant correlations among PMS and anxiety in general college students but not significant correlations among PMS and perfection. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that to provide effective interventions for PMS in college students, it is necessary to design nursing interventions that consider perfection and anxiety.

Effects of Oketani Breast Massage on Breast Pain, the Breast Milk pH of Mothers, and the Sucking Speed of Neonates

PURPOSE: This study was done to test the effects of Oketani breast massage on breast pain and breast milk pH of mothers, and sucking speed of neonates. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group and a pretest-posttest design was used. Postpartum mothers complaining of breast pain were recruited at a postpartum care center. The application of Oketani breast massage by an Oketani massage therapist was the experimental treatment. The control group received the conventional massage technique from a nurse at the postpartum care centre. The collected data were analysed using a chi2-test and a t-test with the SPSS WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: The participants were homogeneous in age, gestation period, and birth weight. Breast pain (t=8.384, p<.001) was significantly relieved, and breast milk pH (t=4.793, p<.001) was significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group. The sucking speed of the neonates in the experimental group was significantly increased compared to the control group (t=9.920, p<.001). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that Oketani breast massage is effective in relieving breast pain and increasing breast milk pH as well as the sucking speed of neonates.

Effects of Mothers Involved in Dental Health Program for Their Children

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of mothers' involvement in a dental health program for their elementary school children. METHODS: This study was a non-equivalent control group pre-post test design in which knowledge and behaviors related to dental health, perceived benefits and barriers, self-efficacy and plaque control scores were compared between the experimental group (n=26) for whom the dental health program included the direct involvement of the mothers, and the control group (n=24) for whom knowledge related to dental health was provided through brochures. RESULTS: Scores for the experimental group in which the mothers were involved in the dental health program were significantly higher for knowledge, behaviors in dental health, self-efficacy and plaque control compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggest that mothers involvement in the dental health program is effective in reinforcing dental health enhancing behavior in elementary school children.

Effects of Local Anesthetic Cream on Pain Relief in Newborns During Venipuncture

PURPOSE: Newborns routinely experience pain associated with invasive procedures such as blood sampling, venipuncture, heelstick, or venous cannulation. This study was done to provide data for a nursing intervention to alleviate newborn pain clinically by investigating the effect of local anesthetic cream during venipuncture. METHODS: Participants were 70 newborns hospitalized in the nursery. Informed Consent was obtained from parents of the newborns. Venipuncture for regular blood sampling was carried out for a test on 2 groups; the experimental, placebo group. The neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS), and duration of crying were measured to assess pain reaction. All neonatal behaviors were recorded on videotape. RESULTS: There were significant differences in pain behavior during venipuncture (t=-4.752, p<.001), immediately after sampling (t=-5.591, p<.001), 3 minutes after puncture (t=-2.469, p=.017), and in duration of crying (t=-3.005, p=.004). CONCLUSION: Results show that local administration of EMLA cream before venipuncture causes a reduction in neonatal pain response, indicating that the EMLA cream has the effect of pain relief.

Effects of Aromatherapy on Anxiety and Discomfort in Patients Having Colonoscopy / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to determine the effects of aromatherapy on anxiety and discomfort for patients who were having colonoscopy. METHODS: The study used a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The participants were 48 people who were undergoing colonoscopy in a university hospital. The experimental group inhaled a blend of essential oil with neroli, camomile, lavender and lemon through an aroma stone for 5minutes before the examination. Then the aroma stone was put on the side of the pillow to spread the aroma scent in the room. The experimental group could inhale the aroma scent as soon as they came into the room and during the examination process. The control group received only fundamental nursing care. RESULTS: Aromatherapy significantly decreased VAS anxiety. There were also significant differences in facial change and, tone change for objective discomfort. But there were no significant differences in subjective discomfort between the groups nor were there any significant differences in vital signs. CONCLUSION: Aromatherapy was perceived as an useful intervention to reduce anxiety and objective discomfort of patients receiving colonoscopy. The results of this study could be utilized as a clinical nursing intervention.

A Study of Emergency Room Nurses' Burn-out, Nursing Performance, and Professional Identity / 산업간호학회지

This study was done to examine ER nurses' burn-out, as an understanding in the relationship of nursing performance and professional identity. The subjects of the study were nurses working in the emergency room of the general hospital with over 300 beds, located in D metropolitan city and C city. The self-report questionnaires were administered and 120 were collected. For the data analysis, SPSS WIN 12.0 was used. ER nurses' burn-out was 2.99, the mean of nursing performance was 3.69, and professional identity was 3.51. The extent of ER nurses' burn-out showed significantly negative correlation with the extent of nursing performance(r=-.257), along with professional identity(r=-.192). While ER nurses' nursing performance showed significantly positive correlation with professional identity(r=.696). In conclusion, the higher professional identity, the fewer ER nurses experienced burn-out, and the higher extent of nursing performance was obtained. It is necessary to create activities and programs to reduce and prevent burn-out.

Rewarming Intervention Program for Abdominal Surgery Patients / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify differences in three groups of operative patients (Forced Air Warming, Electrical Blanketrol, Control) for discomfort and pattern of body temperature during surgery and post operatively. METHODS: The sample consisted of 3 randomized 3 groups of abdominal surgery patients admitted to an university hospital in D-city : The Bair Hugger and upper body blanket were used with the first group, electrical blanketrol with PVC Film with the second, and the third group was the control. ANOVA was used with the WIN SPSS 17.0 program to analyze the data. RESULTS: Significant differences were found among the three groups for tympanic and esophageal body temperature at 1 hour after starting surgery. There was significant difference in tympanic body temperature during the 15 minute stay in the post anesthetic room. There were no significant differences in thermal discomfort while in the post anesthetic room. or There among the three groups for serum cortisol during surgery. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, application of a Bair Hugger or electrical blanketrol improves maintenance of body temperature of operative patients as well as body temperature of post operative patients, and is a clinically significant warming method providing a more consistent body temperature.

An Analysis of the Research on Effect of Smoking Cessation Intervention

PURPOSE: We reviewed all the articles on effect of smoking cessation intervention to find out the way of improvement of it. METHOD: 48 researches were published in Korean journals from 1980 to 2007. The research were analyzed according to: major of first author, subjects, application of theoretical framework, contents of intervention, a term of intervention, the time of evaluation on effect of interventions, research design, dependant variables, and effect of interventions. RESULTS: Research on effect of smoking cessation intervention increased rapidly in the 2000's. At this time. 72.9% of research was published. Most of research subject were students. Theoretical framework were applied in 20.8% of articles. The most common intervention was education(39.4%). The effect of combined program on outcome variable was found to be stronger than only education program. Experimental design was used in 29.2% and quasi-experimental design was adapted in 43.8% of articles. 1-6 months intervention was in 35.4%. The long term intervention more than 1month was found to be effective. Health behavior related index was measured as a dependant variable in 62.3%. CONCLUSION: Accordingly, long term program to apply to various subject is needed.

Menstrual Attitudes and Maternal Child Rearing Attitudes in Middle School Female Students

PURPOSE: This correlational study was performed to identify the impacts of maternal child rearing attitudes on the menstrual attitudes and the determinants of positive menstrual attitudes in female middle school students. METHODS: With convenience sampling, 198 middle school female students were recruited living in one major city and its surrounding areas in Korea. Data was collected using a self administered questionnaire including menstrual attitudes and maternal child rearing attitudes from April 1 to July 15, 2008. RESULTS: Among the Maternal child rearing attitudes, affectionate, achievement oriented and rational attitudes had positive correlations to a positive menstrual attitude, and an autonomous attitude had a negative correlation to a negative menstrual attitude. As determinants of positive menstrual attitudes, feeling of menarche, mother's response at first menstruation, and rational maternal child rearing attitudes were delineated and their explained variance for a positive menstrual attitude was 18.5%. There was no difference on menstrual attitudes by K clustering in terms of maternal child rearing attitudes. CONCLUSION: These results support the critical role of the mother. Especially desirable maternal child rearing attitudes in relation to a positive menstrual attitude would be affectionate, achievement oriented and rational for early adolescent girls. In further studies, considerations are needed for menstruation related education and research for early adolescents and active involvement of the mother & daughter together.