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Cancer is a leading cause of disease-related mortality worldwide. Drug resistance is one of the primary reasons for the failure of anticancer therapy. There are a number of underlying mechanisms for anticancer drug resistance including genetic/epigenetic modifications, microenvironmental factors, and tumor heterogeneity. In the present scenario, researchers have focused on these novel mechanisms and strategies to tackle them. Recently, researchers have recognized the ability of cancer to become dormant because of anticancer drug resistance, tumor relapse, and progression. Currently, cancer dormancy is classified into “tumor mass dormancy” and “cellular dormancy.” Tumor mass dormancy represents the equilibrium between cell proliferation and cell death under the control of blood supply and immune responses. Cellular dormancy denotes the state in which cells undergo quiescence and is characterized by autophagy, stress-tolerance signaling, microenvironmental cues, and epigenetic modifications. Cancer dormancy has been regarded as the stem of primary or distal recurrent tumor formation and poor clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Despite the insufficiency of reliable models of cellular dormancy, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of cellular dormancy have been clarified in numerous studies. A better understanding of the biology of cancer dormancy is critical for the development of effective anticancer therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of cellular dormancy, introduce several potential strategies for targeting cellular dormancy, and discuss future perspectives.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was (a) to synthesize studies of condom use among South Korean college students, and (b) to appraise the quality of each article using Gough's weight of evidence. @*Methods@#Studies published in English and Korean were searched in electronic databases using the terms "student or college student or university student or undergraduate", "condom", and "Korea*". @*Results@#Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, showed appropriate quality, and were therefore selected for review. The variables related to condom use were measured in terms of condom-related factors, factors related to non-condom-related knowledge and attitudes, and other factors. Knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy were associated with condom use, and there were differences in condom-related factors among men and women. @*Conclusion@#Based on these findings, it was confirmed that sexual education is needed for both men and women to promote condom use. Education on condom use should not only focus directly on condoms, but should also address other aspects of knowledge and attitudes to influence health beliefs. In addition, developing educational programs targeting adolescents and parents will have a positive effect on college students' condom use.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire for Nursing Students (KESQ-NS). @*Methods@#The participants were 138 nursing students who have experience in clinical practice. The Korean version of ESQ-NS (KESQ-NS) was examined using content validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity, and testing of internal consistency reliability. Data were collected from November to December of 2019 through an online-survey. @*Results@#The KESQ-NS that was composed of 13 items was divided into three dimensions: Critical understanding of the patient, patient holistic care, patient privacy, and confidentiality. The instrument explained 67.9% of the total variance for ethical sensitivity. Cronbach’s ⍺ was .88. Conclusion: The KESQ-NS showed good validity and reliability. This instrument can be used to evaluate ethical sensitivity in nursing students in Korea.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to analyze and synthesize the literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in South Korea. @*Methods@#Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review method was used. Studies in English and Korean were searched in seven electronic databases using the following combination of terms: “Korea,” “females or women or girls,” “intimate partner violence or domestic violence or domestic abuse.” @*Results@#Twenty-five studies were ultimately selected, all of which met the quality appraisal criteria with a grade of medium or higher, using Gough’s weight of evidence. IPV was divided into marital violence and dating violence. Factors related to IPV were classified into intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social factors, and these three factors were linked together. Intrapersonal factors included general characteristics, perceptions, attitudes, psychological factors, and violent experiences. Interpersonal factors involved relationships with parents and partners. Finally, social factors and attributes were integrated into social support and influences on life. In order to minimize and prevent harm to women from IPV when caring for women, multiple factors should be considered. @*Conclusion@#The findings will be helpful for future IPV research in that they identified points to consider when preventing IPV or caring for victims. Specifically, general and psychological characteristics, perceptions and attitudes toward IPV, relationships with families and partners, and available social support systems and resources should be considered. Moreover, these findings will be helpful for assessing women or providing interventions for victims of violence. Finally, more diverse IPV studies should be conducted by nurses in the future.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire for Nursing Students (KESQ-NS). @*Methods@#The participants were 138 nursing students who have experience in clinical practice. The Korean version of ESQ-NS (KESQ-NS) was examined using content validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity, and testing of internal consistency reliability. Data were collected from November to December of 2019 through an online-survey. @*Results@#The KESQ-NS that was composed of 13 items was divided into three dimensions: Critical understanding of the patient, patient holistic care, patient privacy, and confidentiality. The instrument explained 67.9% of the total variance for ethical sensitivity. Cronbach’s ⍺ was .88. Conclusion: The KESQ-NS showed good validity and reliability. This instrument can be used to evaluate ethical sensitivity in nursing students in Korea.
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Emphysema, a major component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a leading cause of human death worldwide. The progressive deterioration of lung function that occurs in the disease is caused by chronic inflammation of the airway and destruction of the lung parenchyma. Despite the main impact of inflammation on the pathogenesis of emphysema, current therapeutic regimens mainly offer symptomatic relief and preservation of lung function with little therapeutic impact. In the present study, we aimed to discover novel therapeutics that suppress the pathogenesis of emphysema. Here, we show that LJ-2698, a novel and highly selective antagonist of the adenosine A3 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor involved in various inflammatory diseases, significantly reversed the elastase-induced destructive changes in murine lungs. We found that LJ-2698 significantly prevented elastase-induced airspace enlargement, resulting in restoration of pulmonary function without causing any obvious changes in body weight in mice. LJ-2698 was found to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase activity and pulmonary cell apoptosis in the murine lung. LJ-2698 treatment induced increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages at doses that displayed no significant cytotoxicity in normal cell lines derived from various organs. Treatment with LJ-2698 significantly increased the number of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in the lungs. These results implicate the adenosine A3 receptor in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Our findings also demonstrate the potential of LJ-2698 as a novel therapeutic/preventive agent in suppressing disease development with limited toxicity.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of nursing students’ experiences in virtual simulation practice. @*Methods@#The participants were six nursing students who have experience in a virtual simulation. Data were collected from August to September 2019 through a focus group interview. Giorgi’s phenomenological method was used for analysis. @*Results@#The study results revealed 3 constituents and 6 sub-constituents that are essential for nursing student’s experiences in a virtual simulation. The three constituents were: “Chaos in the virtual reality”, “The process of adjusting to chaos”, and “Becoming an independent nurse in a safe virtual reality”. @*Conclusion@#Based on the results of this study, the following suggestions are made. Results suggest the development of virtual simulations in Korean, the use of simulations as a group activity first, and the use of simulation between lecture and practice or in the regular curriculum. The results of the study can be used as primary data for providing virtual simulation in nursing education.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to analyze and synthesize the literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in South Korea. @*Methods@#Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review method was used. Studies in English and Korean were searched in seven electronic databases using the following combination of terms: “Korea,” “females or women or girls,” “intimate partner violence or domestic violence or domestic abuse.” @*Results@#Twenty-five studies were ultimately selected, all of which met the quality appraisal criteria with a grade of medium or higher, using Gough’s weight of evidence. IPV was divided into marital violence and dating violence. Factors related to IPV were classified into intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social factors, and these three factors were linked together. Intrapersonal factors included general characteristics, perceptions, attitudes, psychological factors, and violent experiences. Interpersonal factors involved relationships with parents and partners. Finally, social factors and attributes were integrated into social support and influences on life. In order to minimize and prevent harm to women from IPV when caring for women, multiple factors should be considered. @*Conclusion@#The findings will be helpful for future IPV research in that they identified points to consider when preventing IPV or caring for victims. Specifically, general and psychological characteristics, perceptions and attitudes toward IPV, relationships with families and partners, and available social support systems and resources should be considered. Moreover, these findings will be helpful for assessing women or providing interventions for victims of violence. Finally, more diverse IPV studies should be conducted by nurses in the future.
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PURPOSE: As health care needs for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) are becoming increasingly important, it has become imperative for the nurses to be attentive towards their health problems and provide nursing care with an open-minded attitude. Due to limited opportunity to provide direct nursing care to LGBT patients, it is hypothesized that simulation would provide good opportunity for students to experience LGBT nursing care in a safe environment. This study was conducted to develop and apply simulation of LGBT nursing care to ultimately provide unbiased nursing care for LGBT population and prepare basic data for LGBT nursing education.METHODS: This study was a single-group pre-post experimental design study for 57 senior nursing students based on the comparison of existing LGBT knowledge, general attitude towards LGBT, and nursing attitude towards LGBT before and after simulation. The scenario content included discussion of coming out issue, providing sexual health information, and supportive nursing care for LGBT population. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed rank.RESULTS: Simulation education-led to a significant increase in LGBT knowledge and nursing attitude. However, there was no change in the general attitude towards LGBT.CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that LGBT education using simulation may be effective for nursing students and nurses from the point of concern for LGBT population. It is hypothesized that future LGBT educational programs might need more detailed information from both care recipients and nurses. Finally, LGBT education needs to be included in the nursing education curriculum.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Bisexuality , Curriculum , Delivery of Health Care , Education , Education, Nursing , Homosexuality , Homosexuality, Female , Nursing Care , Nursing , Reproductive Health , Research Design , Students, Nursing , Transgender PersonsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sexual knowledge, attitude, and satisfaction of sex education in university freshman. METHODS: The participants were 275 freshman students under the age of 20 years old. Data were collected in 2017 using a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: The average scores of participants' sexual knowledge, attitude, and satisfaction of sex education were 24.22±4.94 out of 38 points, 90.81±15.86 out of 168 points, and 11.05±3.08 out of 20 points, respectively. With respect to the demographic characteristics, there were statically significant differences in sexual knowledge according to chances of relationship engagement (F=6.19, p=.002) and residence type (F=3.67, p=.013). Both sexual attitudes and satisfaction of sex education showed significant differences by major (t=3.20, p=.002; t=2.65, p=.009), types of high school (F=3.39, p=.019; F=3.53, p=.015), and interest in previous sex education during teenage years (F=2.88, p=.015; F=6.22, p<.001). Sexual knowledge showed a statistically significant correlation with attitudes (r=.153, p=.011). CONCLUSION: There is insufficient sex information available for college students. It is necessary in the future to develop sex education programs that are matched to college students' needs.
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Humans , Education , Sex Education , SexualityABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate mothers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices of infection prevention for their children. METHODS: In this descriptive study, data were collected using a questionnaire. A total 157 mothers of young children were surveyed regarding their knowledge, attitudes, and practices of infection prevention. RESULTS: The mean score of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of infection prevention in mothers was found to be above average. There were significant differences in knowledge according to whether the mother was employed (t=2.82, p=.005) and in attitudes according to the mother's age (t=2.13, p=.035). In addition, a significant correlation was found between knowledge and attitudes (r=.16, p=.014), and between attitudes and practices (r=.50, p < .001). CONCLUSION: This research provides baseline information to understand mothers' approaches to infection prevention for their children, and it may serve as a basis for providing educational programs that help infection prevention.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , MothersABSTRACT
Cancer is the leading cause of human deaths worldwide. Understanding the biology underlying the evolution of cancer is important for reducing the economic and social burden of cancer. In addition to genetic aberrations, recent studies demonstrate metabolic rewiring, such as aerobic glycolysis, glutamine dependency, accumulation of intermediates of glycolysis, and upregulation of lipid and amino acid synthesis, in several types of cancer to support their high demands on nutrients for building blocks and energy production. Moreover, oncogenic mutations are known to be associated with metabolic reprogramming in cancer, and these overall changes collectively influence tumor-microenvironment interactions and cancer progression. Accordingly, several agents targeting metabolic alterations in cancer have been extensively evaluated in preclinical and clinical settings. Additionally, metabolic reprogramming is considered a novel target to control cancers harboring un-targetable oncogenic alterations such as KRAS. Focusing on lung cancer, here, we highlight recent findings regarding metabolic rewiring in cancer, its association with oncogenic alterations, and therapeutic strategies to control deregulated metabolism in cancer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biology , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Glutamine , Glycolysis , Lung Neoplasms , Metabolism , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice toward breast self-examination (BSE) among middle and high school girls. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using self-report questionnaires. Participants were 412 students, 137 middle and 275 high school girls. Data were collected from December 7 to 23, 2016 and analyzed using t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The percentage of correct answers for knowledge about breast self-examination among middle and high school girls was 29.2%. The mean score for practice (5.89±0.10) among middle and high school girls was low. For knowledge, there were significant differences according to grade (t=5.93, p<.001), having heard about BSE (t=4.02, p<.001), experience of BSE (t=2.51, p=.012), and need for education (t=3.37, p=.001). In practice, there were significant differences according to having heard about BSE (t=3.64, p<.001), experience of BSE (t=2.64, p=.017). Knowledge level of BSE positively correlated with practice of BSE (r=.21, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Research results suggest that education on BSE for middle and high school girls is needed to increase the possibility of early detection of breast cancer.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Breast Self-Examination , EducationABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of smartphones to address parents' educational needs. METHODS: The participants were parents of children under 18 years old, Participants were 347 parents (222 mothers, 125 fathers). Data were collected from August, 15 to September, 2, 2016 using self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA with the SPSS WIN 21.0 program. RESULTS: Parents had an average score of 3.30 (±.41) for the need to have smartphone health education. Among the educational subcategories, 'child and family' showed the highest average for educational needs (3.40, ±.57). According to the demographic characteristics of the participants, there were significant difference in parents' age (t=4.354, p=.014), and parents' who have received health education versus parents who have not (t=2.483, p=.014). CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that the smartphone may be an effective educational method for parents.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Health Education , Methods , Mothers , Parents , SmartphoneABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Advanced aged pregnancy may be related with health problems so that more aggressive health care is necessary for these women. This study aimed to provide the basic data for developing nursing intervention programs to enhance the health of pregnant women and their new-born babies and by identifying the advanced aged women's need for pregnancy and childbirth. METHODS: It is the cross-sectional descriptive study to identify the advanced aged women's need on pregnancy and childbirth. Subjects were pregnant women 35 years or older and postpartum women. Total number of subjects was 95. Measurement tool is self-reporting survey that consisted of 67 items with four-point Likert scale, which was completed during October to November 2014. RESULTS: Average score was 3.44 out of maximum 4 on the care need on pregnancy and childbirth. Average scores according to category were as follows: baby rearing and parental role, 3.55; preconception care, 3.49; delivery care, 3.47; postpartum care 3.42; and prenatal pregnancy, 3.39. The degree of needs on pregnancy and childbirth was different according to delivery experience (t=-2.49, p=.014). CONCLUSION: Prenatal and postpartum nursing interventions were completed regardless of pregnant women's age until now; however, new nursing intervention programs are necessary to prevent the risk of advanced aged pregnancy, to provide the preconception care, and to increase the infant care and family support.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Pregnancy , Delivery of Health Care , Infant Care , Maternal Age , Nursing , Parents , Parturition , Postnatal Care , Postpartum Period , Preconception Care , Pregnant WomenABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prevalence of depressive symptom and effect of family support on depressive symptom among high school students in Jeju Island, Korea. METHODS: The study subjects were 711 high school students consisting of 403 males and 308 females of three high schools in urban Jeju Island and the data was gathered using self-reporting questionnaires consisting of BDI, sociodemographic factors, health behavior and family support, etc. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptom in high school students in Jeju Island is 17.7% in total, 17.1% in male, 18.5% in female. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the family support had significantly effect on depression after controlling other confounding variables including age, sex, socioeconomic state, parent's marital statue, body image satisfaction, academic achievement, time spend with parents to build a relationship, and mother's education year. CONCLUSION: Family support was found to be a significant correlate of depressive symptom high school students in Jeju Island. Variety of supports to enhance family cohesion and family relation including sociocultural and political policies and program would be needed to reduce the risk of having depressive symptom and suicide ideation among high school students in Jeju Island.
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Female , Humans , Male , Achievement , Body Image , Depression , Family Relations , Health Behavior , Korea , Logistic Models , Parents , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , SuicideABSTRACT
Greater than its influence on the medical practitioner's individual ability is the National Health Insurance System's influence on the management of medical practitioners' offices in Korea. However, despite the important effect health insurance exerts on the income of medical clinics, recently, the financial difficulties of medical clinics have often become an issue, and financial difficulty has been aggravated as much as a solution has been sought. The current state of the overall management of medical clinics was investigated to understand the factors influencing the sales and expenses in their management. A questionnaire was completed by 1,009 physicians registered in the Korean Medical Association who were participating in a statistical extraction course. As a result of the study, the factors influencing the total revenue and total expenditures of medical clinics, such as increases in the total number of doctors, increasing numbers of outpatients, the size of the medical office, medical disputes, and clinical specialties (based on the first medical treatment) showed statistical significance. In conclusion, in order to improve medical clinic management, a health insurance medical fee should be more reasonably fixed, a medical transfer system should be reestablished, and a cooperative strategy should be created for medical clinics and general hospitals in order to attract patients. As a result, low cost and highly efficient medical services could be provided and the satisfaction of patients improved.