ABSTRACT
Objectives@#：Childhood/adolescent-onset of bipolar disorder presents functional impairments on emotional, academic, and social aspects. These impairments could continue into adulthood. However, there are few studies comparing cognitive function between childhood/adolescent- and adult-onset using psychological test. This study aims to improve understanding of childhood/adolescent-onset of bipolar disorder by comparing differences in cognitive function, clinical and demographic features between the two groups. @*Methods@#：This study was conducted on 145 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder type I, II, and other specified bipolar disorder by DSM 5 at the time of discharge from 2016 to 2019 at the Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital. Demographic information, clinical data, and results of psychological tests (K-WISC-IV, K-WAIS-IV) were collected and reviewed. @*Results@#：Childhood/adolescent-onset group was significantly low in total potential IQ and in language understanding than adult-onset group (p=0.008 and p=0.013). The childhood/adolescent group had significantly more psychiatric comorbidities than the adult group (p<0.001). The average number of prescribed antipsychotic agents was 1.18 (SD= ±0.64) in the childhood/adolescent group, and 1.78 (SD=±0.82) in the adult group. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). @*Conclusion@#：Patients with childhood/adolescent-onset bipolar disorder have lower total potential IQ and language understanding comparing patients with adult-onset bipolar disorder. This highlights the importance of conducting a well-designed prospective study to find out more about the characteristics of childhood/adolescent-onset bipolar disorder.
ABSTRACT
Basal-type breast cancers are among the most aggressive and deadly breast cancer subtypes, displaying a high metastatic ability associated with mesenchymal features. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of mesenchymal phenotypes of basal-type breast cancer cells remain obscure. Here, we report that KRAS is a critical regulator for the maintenance of mesenchymal features in basal-type breast cancer cells. KRAS is preferentially activated in basal-type breast cancer cells as compared with luminal type. By loss and gain of KRAS, we found that KRAS is necessary and sufficient for the maintenance of mesenchymal phenotypes and metastatic ability through SLUG expression. Taken together, this study demonstrates that KRAS is a critical regulator for the metastatic behavior associated with mesenchymal features of breast cancer cells, implicating a novel therapeutic target for basal-type breast cancer.