Effects of Substance P Antagonist, D-Arg, D-Phe, D-Trp, Leu- Substance P on the Mechanical Hyperalgesia of Inflammation Induced by Freund's Complete Adjuvant in Rat Paw / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The effect of substance P (SP) on the hyperalgesia induced by inflammation is controversial, and as SP remains in the periphery just for a short period of time after release from the nerve ending, the contribution of SP on the development of sustained mechanical hyperalgesia in rats with inflammation is questionable. The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the effect of SP on the development of mechanical hyperalgesia induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) using SP antagonist [D-Arg, D-Phe, D-Trp, Leu]-substance P (SPA). METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups; control (normal saline) and three different doses of SPA (0.25 microgram, 2.5 microgram, 25 microgram/0.1 ml). Inflammation was induced in rats by injecting 0.15 ml of FCA intraplantarly. Rats showed typical hyperalgesia within 12 hours after injection and maintained it for about one week. To test the effect of SPA on the developement of inflammation, either SPA or saline was injected at 1 h before and at the time of FCA injection under light halothane anesthesia after a baseline test. The effect of SPA on hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring mechanical hyperalgesia at 2, 6, 12, 24 hrs and 4 days after injection of the drug. To test the effect of SPA on fully developed inflammation, tests were done 2 days after injection of FCA. Mechanical hyperalgesias were assessed at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min after the drug injections. RESULTS: SPA injected to suppress the initial SP spill over decreased the mechanical hyperalgesia in a dose dependent manner. SPA injected after the full development of inflammation also decreased mechanical hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS: SP released at the initial phase of inflammation as well as SP released after the development of inflammation are all important for the maintainance of mechanical hyperalgesia.

The Effect of Adrenaline on the Blockade of Compound Action Potential by Local Anesthetics in Rat Sciatic Nerves / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Adrenaline has often been used to prolong the local anesthetic effect during surgical procedures. As a possible explanation for this, a local vasoconstriction caused by adrenaline has been proposed. However, in a recent study, clonidine, an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist, was reported to block the conduction of mammalian nerves in vitro. Thus, there is a possibility that adrenaline may block nerve conduction by acting on the adrenergic receptor. The present study is performed to see : (1) If adrenaline directly affects nerve conduction ; (2) If adrenaline affects conduction blockade caused by local anesthetic. METHODS: Recordings of compound action potentials (CAPs) of A- and C-components were obtained from isolated sciatic nerves of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Dose-response curves of lidocaine and adrenaline regarding depression of CAPs were determined. Effects of adrenaline on the lidocaine-induced nerve block was assessed by comparing the effect of lidocaine (3.5x 10 5) with a lidocaine-epinephrine mixture (Lido-Epi, 3.5 x10 5 lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine). RESULTS: Adrenaline, near the clinical concentrations, had no effect on the size of either A- or C-component of CAPs. The ED50 of lidocaine was 3.5x 10 5. Lidocaine depressed A-CAP 45.9+/- 7.0 when compared with baseline value, and the Lido-Epi solution depressed A-CAP to 41.7+/- 5.0 (P > 0.05). Lidocaine depressed C-CAP 59.8 +/- 3.4 when compared with the baseline value, and the Lido-Epi solution depressed C-CAP to 60.5 8.1 (P > 0.05). Consequently, adrenaline did not augment lidocaine induced nerve blockade. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that adrenaline applied to the peripheral nerve has no effect either on nerve conduction itself or on conduction block produced by lidocaine.

Emperipolesis within Megakaryocyte in Hepatic Hemopoiesis / 대한해부학회지

This study is designed to detect the emperipolesis in megakaryocyte in fetal liver, which is an important organ of hemopoiesis, during rat development, and to compare the activity of erythropoiesis in fetal liver with that of emperipolesis in megakaryocyte. In order to find that which causes are more related to emperipolesis, we applied periodic acid Schiff reagent, which is special staining method for megakaryocyte and used electron microscope. The size and maturity of magakaryocyte gradually developed with age. The number of megakaryocyte increased in similar proportion to the activity of erythropoiesis. Emperipolesis occurred in more mature megakaryocyte (most stage III). The majority of cells enclosed within megakaryocyte, were the precursor of erythrocytes. Emperipolesis was observed for the first time at 14 day of gestation. The highest frequency of emperipolesis showed 20% of whole megakaryocyte at 16 day of gestation, when the activity of erythropoiesis was most vigorous. The frequency of emperipolesis began to decrease after then, but megakaryocyte was most numerous at 17 day of gestation during fetal and neonatal period. At 19 day of gestation, stage IV megakaryocytes, just before the stage producing platelet, began to appear. Megakaryocyte was not observed after postnatal 10 day. In conclusion, it was found that the emperipolesis in megakaryocyte occurred in the rat fetal liver and was extreme the emperipolesis most observed at the time of most vigorous erythropoiesis during the development of rat fetal liver. It is suggested that the frequency of emperipolesis within megakaryocyte is more closely related with the activity of erythropoiesis in fetal liver than the that of megakaryocytopoiesis, before bone marrow acts as an important organ of hematopoiesis. It is also suggested that the emperipolesis contributes to the production of platelet during gestation period and the maturation of erythrocyte.

An experimental study for calculation of cross sectional area and volume in various objects using auto-CAD(computer aided design) / 대한정형외과학회잡지

No abstract available.

An Experimental Study and Clinical Investigation on Rotational Deformity in Supracondylar Fracture of the Humerus in Children / 대한정형외과학회잡지

In children, the supracondylar fractures of the humerus are common in elbow region, and often associated with various complications and problems in treatment (ie,Volkmann's ischemic contracture, cubitus valgus or varus deformity, rotational deformity). The results of reduction can be measured by Baumann's angle, carrying angle, trochlea-capitellum angle, and displacement of distal radial styloid process on radiological study. So we have made experiments on the process which various three dimensional displacements reflected into two dimensional Baumann's angle and humerocapitellar angle. And we investigated the process of rotation, through various radiological studies by means of molded models of humerus. The results were as follows:l. In experiments, AP & lateral X-ray studies showed no change in rotation of proximal segment of fracture with fixed distal segment of fracture. 2. On the other hand, AP & lateral X-ray showed significant change, in rotation of proximal fracture segment with distal segment of fracture. 3. Supracondylar rotation angle(S.R.A.)depicted as the ratio of the length of proximal fracture width minus that of the distal fracture width in lateral view, to the length of distal fracture width in AP view minus that of the distal fracture width in lateral view. 4. According to the modified Mitchell result, S.R.A. to the result of treatment was average 7.6 degree in excellent group, 15.2 degree in good group and 29.3 degree in unsatisfactory group.

Ultrasound guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the liver with focal lesion

The ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations were performed in order to diagnose a suspected neoplastic orinfectious diseases in 52 patients with focal liver disease. Of these, neoplastic lesions were suspected in 31patients and infectious lesions in 21 patients ultrasonically and/or clinically. The overall accuracy for bothsuspected malignant and infectious disease was 79%(41/52). The primary indication for fine needle aspiration wasto document the presense of malignancy and to avoid a diagnostic laparotomy, and to drain hepatic abscesses.Consequently we were convinced that the ultasound