Baumann Skin Type in the Korean Female Population

BACKGROUND: To meet the need for a subspecialized skin type system, the Baumann skin type (BST) system was proposed. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the distribution of BST types and influencing factors among Korean women. METHODS: BST questionnaires were administered to 1,000 Korean women. The possible responses were as follows: oily (O) or dry (D), sensitive (S) or resistant (R), pigmented (P) or non-pigmented (N), and wrinkled (W) or tight (T). The correlations of the BST with the subjects' age, location, ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure, drinking and smoking habits, and blood type were assessed. RESULTS: The OSNT, DSNT, DRNT, and OSNW skin types were the most common skin types (55.3%). The O, S, P, and W types accounted for 46.6%, 68.8%, 23.2%, and 31.9%, respectively. The proportion of the O and S type was the highest in Gyeongsangbuk-do (55.0%) and Seoul (77.2%). The proportion of the P and W type was the highest in Gyeongsangbuk-do (33.0%) and Chungcheong-do (39.0%). The O type decreased in the higher age group, whereas the P and W type showed a reversed tendency. In smokers, the proportion of W type was significantly higher than in the non-smokers (66.3% vs. 24.1%, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The 4 most common BST types were OSNT, DSNT, DRNT, and OSNW. In the comparison across the 4 BST parameters according to the age, region, smoking and drinking habits, occupation, blood type, and UV exposure, significant differences were observed. Individualized and customized skin care is required according to the personal skin type.

An Unusual Case with Membranous Lipodystrophy in a Hypertensive Patient with Transepidermal Elimination

Membranous lipodystrophy represents a peculiar type of fat necrosis that is present in patients with various types of skin disease. It is characterized by the presence of microcysts and macrocysts and is lined by amorphous eosinophilic material with a crenelated arabesque appearance. These findings have been associated with lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus, erythema nodosum, trauma, etc. We report a case of a 43-year-old woman who had a red to purple asymptomatic indurated plaque, approximately seven cm in diameter and on the left arm. She was a chronic hepatitis B antigen carrier and had hypertension for four years. Histopathology of the biopsied lesion showed transepidermal elimination of altered collagen and elastic fibers, as well as membranous lipodystrophy changes. There were hypertensive vascular changes including lymphohistiocytic infiltration around the vascular wall, swelling of endothelial cells, increased thickness of the vascular walls, and narrowing of the lumen. We report a case showing transepidermal elimination with membranous lipodystrophy. We carefully suggest that the secondary phenomenon of transepidermal elimination was associated with membranous lipodystrophy and degenerate connective tissues.

Two Cases of Inverted Wart / 대한피부과학회지

Human papilloma virus (HPV), an established causative organism of viral warts, has recently been isolated from several mucocutaneous tumors with different clinical features. HPV could also be found in epidermoid cysts and inverted plantar warts. We report two cases of inverted wart developed on the back and neck. The inverted wart in this report may represent a variant of viral warts in human.

The Effect of Coapplication of Capsaicin and Minoxidil on the Murine Hair Growth / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Capsaicin induces the release of substance P(SP), and depletes and prevents reaccumulation of SP in C type nerve fibers. Trophic role of SP and the neural mechanisms of hair growth control remain obscure. Minoxidil is widely used as a topical agent for hair loss. OBJECTIVE: The effects of coapplication of capsaicin and minoxidil on hair growth and cycle, compared with application of capsaicin or minoxidil alone, was evaluated. METHODS: After depilation of the back skin of mice, we divided mice into four groups, i.e., control, capsaicin, minoxidil and coapplied group. We examined hair regrowth after depilation in terms of macroscopic examination, image analysis using phototrichograms, measurement of hair regrowth length, microscopic examination and measurement of mast cell count, and [methyl-3H] thymidine uptake. RESULTS: The results are summarized as follows; 1. Hair growth of capsaicin group and minoxidil group began faster than that of coapplied group and control. Thereafter, hair growth of capsaicin group was observed as the fastest, followed by minoxidil group, coapplied group, and control. 2. The percentage of the area of hair regrowth in coapplied group was lower than capsaicin group, similar to minoxidil group, and higher than control at the 15th day after depilation. At the 30th day after depilation, there was no significant difference between coapplied group and capsaicin group. 3. Hair of coapplied group grew steadily up to the 30th day after depilation, growing taller than any other group. 4. On microscopic examination, capsaicin was able to make the hair cycle faster and shorter than control, but minoxidil group and coapplied group prolonged the anagen phase of hair cycle. 5. Though mast cell count decreased in all four groups after depilation, capsaicin group decreased significantly more than the other group. 6. [Methyl-3H] thymidine uptake increased in all four groups until the 5th day after depilation, and then decreased. The uptake of coapplied group was similar to that of minoxidil group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that capsaicin can not only induce the anagen phase quickly, but also sustain constant effect on hair growth. Minoxidil can also induce the anagen phase fast, and prolong the duration of anagen phase. Therefore, it is concluded that coapplication of capsaicin and minoxidil can grow hair quickly and steadily.

The Change of Epidermal Calcium Gradient: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic Approach / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Ion capture cytochemistry(the potassium oxalate pyroantimonate method), semi- quantitatively, and proton probe X-ray microanalysis, quantitatively, have been applied to investigate the epidermal calcium distribution. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we examined the epidermal calcium distribution with confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) in an attempt to evaluate the possibility of another method in epidermal calcium study. METHODS: The change of epidermal calcium distribution after barrier perturbation with tape stripping was investigated with CLSM and was compared to the results of ion capture cytochemistry. RESULTS: The calcium distribution pattern in normal murine epidermis demonstrated by CLSM show a normal calcium gradient, from a low level of calcium ions in the basal and spinous layer, followed by a progressive increase with a level of calcium ions reaching its maximal density within the outer stratum granulosum. Disruption of the epidermal barrier with tape stripping induced an immediate loss of the calcium gradient and the calcium gradient after 36h was almost normalized, in parallel with the recovery of barrier function. CONCLUSION: These results show that calcium gradient in murine epidermis after tape-stripping is restored by 36h and CLSM study can be used as a new method in epidermal calcium study.

A Case of Pubic Hair Transplantation in Male Pseudohermaphroditism / 대한피부과학회지

Sex identification may be described in terms of some characteristics. Any individual with testicular formation and contraindiction of any of the anatomical criteria of sex may be considered as a male pseudohermaphrodite. Most of them have genitalia that are more feminine than masculine, are best raised as females. We report a 26-year-old male pseudohermaphrodite who was phenotypically female with amenorrhea, little breast development and little sexual hair. For treatment, multidisciplinary team approach including pubic hair transplantation is needed to enhance self-image and confidence in intersexuality.

A Case of Seborrheic Keratosis with Focal Acantholysis / 대한피부과학회지

Seborrheic keratosis, a benign tumor is more common in the elderly and composed of epidermal keratinocytes. Seborrheric keratoses are very common in white races and are often of little concern to the patient, being accepted as a harmless and inevitable consequence of aging. This tumor was classified into six histopathological types by Lever; acanthotic, hyperkeratotic, adenoid, irritated, clonal, and melanoacanthoma. In 1978 Tagami and Yamada reported a rare acantholytic variant of seborrheic keratosis. We are reporting a case with seborrheic keratosis showing focal acantholysis.

A Case of Congenital Solitary Morphea Profunda

A 4-year-old boy has had a solitary sclerotic depressed plaque on the right anterior chest since birth. The histopathologic findings are consistent with morphea profunda: thickening, hyalinization, and homogenization of collagen bundles in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues, admixture with a prominent lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltrate, and sweat glands en-trapped between the thickened collagen bundles. We report a case of congenital solitary morphea profunda.

Dermatological Complications due to Vaccination / 대한피부과학회지

Vaccination is defined as the introduction of vaccine into the body for the purpose of inducing immunity. Vaccine contain many antigens, e.g., active antigen in DTP, tissue culture fluid in the suspension of vaccine, aluminum complexes in MMR, preservatives, anti-infectives, and antibiotics which induce many allergic reactions. B.C.G vaccine induce specific and nonspecific dermatological complications on inoculation site or out of vaccination. DPT or TT vaccine induce infection site granuloma due to aluminum on inoculation site, angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, and livedoid skin necrosis. Hepatitis B vaccine can induce many dermatological complications, e.g., urticaria and angioedema, erythema nodosum, systemic lupus erythematosus, lichen planus and thrombocytopenic purpura. Gianoti-Crosti syndrome is caused by MMR vaccine and influenza vaccine. Sweet's syndrome and acute exanthematous pustular dermatitis are developed after pnuemococcal vaccintation. Herpes zoster can be developed after chicken pox vaccination. Erythema and edema can be developed after injection of botulinum toxin. Benign and malignant tumor can be induced by various vaccination, too.

A Case of Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor That Progressed to Squamous Cell Carcinoma / 대한피부과학회지

Buschke-Lowenstein (B-L) tumor occurs in penis associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). It appears as a exophytic cauliflower-like mass that may be foul smelling and sometimes ulcerated. B-L tumor is predominantly associated with HPV 6, 11 and rarely 16, 18. Because HPV 6, 11 are usually isolated from benign lesions, it has been hypothesized that other cofactors such as immunosuppression, poor hygiene, lack of circumcision, and chronic irritation may be involved. In addition, genomic alternation or subtle amino-acid changes in the HPV 6 E7 protein may play a role in enhancing oncogenic properties of the low-risk virus, HPV 6. We present a case of B-L tumor with squamous cell carcinoma that showed HPV 6 positive and altered p53.

Umbilical Shape and Diseases Related to Age and Sex / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: The umbilicus is a simple scar that obliterates the portal through which the omphalomesenteric duct connected the primitive gut to the yolk sac; through which the intestine was expelled prior to its rotation; through which passed the umbilical arteries and vein; at which the allantosis attached to the early urinary bladder; and at which the umbilical cord that carried these structures was fused to the body wall. The umbilicus is situated at the level of L3 to L4 in the midline of the abdomen. It's shape, size, and configuration vary greatly related to age and sex. Deramtoses of the umbilicus are umbilical hernia, congenital abnormalities, granulomas, omphalith, infections, eczema and tumors. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the umbilical shape and size related to age and sex and diseases of the umbilicus. METHODS: During a 6-month-period from May to October, 1998, 420 person's umbilical shapes and size were examined with regard to age and sex. The diseases of the umbilicus were evaluated, too. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: 1. The mean vertical diameter of the umbilicus is 1.89+/-0.65cm and the mean transverse diameter is 1.98+/-0.86cm. The mean diameter of umbilicus in women(vertical: 1.98+/-0.73cm, transverse: 2.07+/-0.99cm) is larger than the mean diameter of umbilicus in men(vertical: 1.80+-0.53cm, transverse: 1.89+/-0.66cm)(pvertical diameter) is more than the elliptical type(vertical diameter>transverse diameter) in men, and the elliptical type(vertical diameter>transverse diameter) is more than the elliptical type(transverse diameter>vertical diameter) in women. 4. The diseases of the umbilicus are allergic contact dermatitis(6 cases), pityriasis rosea(5 cases), psoriasis(3 cases), scabies(3 cases), rhus dermatitis(2 cases), pemphigus(2 cases), drug eruption(1 case), and insect bite(1 case).

A Case of Arteriovenous Malformation Arising in the Port-Wine Stain / 대한피부과학회지

Arteriovenous malformation is a vascular anomaly due to the hamartomatous proliferation of the subpapillary vascular plexus which exhibits multiple arteriovenus shunts. Various tumors can be developed in the port-wine stain, such as, pyogenic granuloma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, tufted angioma, giant proliferative hemangioma, and lymphangioma circumscriptum. We report a case of arteriovenous malformation arising in the port-wine stain. The pathogenesis of development of arteriovenous malformation in the port-wine stain is still unknown, but may be related to localized exaggerations of ectasia.

A Case of Arteriovenous Malformation Arising in the Port-Wine Stain / 대한피부과학회지

Arteriovenous malformation is a vascular anomaly due to the hamartomatous proliferation of the subpapillary vascular plexus which exhibits multiple arteriovenus shunts. Various tumors can be developed in the port-wine stain, such as, pyogenic granuloma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, tufted angioma, giant proliferative hemangioma, and lymphangioma circumscriptum. We report a case of arteriovenous malformation arising in the port-wine stain. The pathogenesis of development of arteriovenous malformation in the port-wine stain is still unknown, but may be related to localized exaggerations of ectasia.