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Background@#It is reported that the decline in breakfast consumption is associated with diabetes, metabolic disease, and cardiovascular disease. This study analyzed the association between skipping breakfast and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk among non-diabetic Korean adults aged 40–79 years who did not take medication for hypertension or dyslipidemia. @*Methods@#This study included 1,001 adults from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2015. Participants were classified into two groups based on those who skipped breakfast and those who ate breakfast. Analysis of covariance was performed to compare the average value of HOMA-IR between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between skipping breakfast and HOMA-IR and ASCVD risk. All analyses were performed after adjusting for covariates. @*Results@#There was no significant association between the group that skipped breakfast and HOMA-IR or ASCVD risk. However, the odds ratio of ASCVD risk was 3-fold higher in male in the skipping breakfast group that skipped breakfast than in those that ate breakfast. @*Conclusion@#Previous studies that suggested there was an association between skipping breakfast and ASCVD risk may have been biased as they included individuals taking medication, and thus, this could have led to incorrect results. Therefore, further studies on the association between breakfast consumption and ASCVD risk should consider practical factors that can affect eating habits, such as regular medication use in their analysis.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Recently, the consumption of away-from-home meals has increased in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate the association of away-from-home-meals and hypertension in Korean adults.METHODS: This cross-sectional survey included 5,533 adults aged 20 to 65 from the 2016 and 2017 results of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Away-from-home meals are defined as meals other than home-cooked food (including delivery food, packaged food, school meals, and religious group food). The frequency of away-from-home meals was classified into three categories: 1) ≥14/week, 2) 5–13/week, and 3) ≤4/week. Moreover, age was classified into three categories: 1) aged 20 to 39, 40 to 59, and 3) age≥60. The association between away-from-home meals and hypertension for each age group was analyzed using logistic regression methods.RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension in adults who consumed away-from-home meals ≥14/week was higher than in those who consumed away-from-home meals ≤13/week. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for hypertension was 1.327 (95% confidence interval: 0.934–1.885) for those who consumed away-from-home meals ≥14/week and 1.109 (95% confidence interval: 0.860–1.429) for those consumed away-from-home meals 5–13/week.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that there is no association between increased consumption of away-from-home meals and hypertension in Korean adults.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hypertension , Korea , Logistic Models , Meals , Nutrition Surveys , Odds Ratio , Prevalence , SodiumABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The goal of this study is to develop a general population job-exposure matrix (GPJEM) on asbestos to estimate occupational asbestos exposure levels in the Republic of Korea. METHODS: Three Korean domestic quantitative exposure datasets collected from 1984 to 2008 were used to build the GPJEM. Exposure groups in collected data were reclassified based on the current Korean Standard Industrial Classification (9th edition) and the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations code (6th edition) that is in accordance to international standards. All of the exposure levels were expressed by weighted arithmetic mean (WAM) and minimum and maximum concentrations. RESULTS: Based on the established GPJEM, the 112 exposure groups could be reclassified into 86 industries and 74 occupations. In the 1980s, the highest exposure levels were estimated in “knitting and weaving machine operators” with a WAM concentration of 7.48 fibers/mL (f/mL); in the 1990s, “plastic products production machine operators” with 5.12 f/mL, and in the 2000s “detergents production machine operators” handling talc containing asbestos with 2.45 f/mL. Of the 112 exposure groups, 44 groups had higher WAM concentrations than the Korean occupational exposure limit of 0.1 f/mL. CONCLUSION: The newly constructed GPJEM which is generated from actual domestic quantitative exposure data could be useful in evaluating historical exposure levels to asbestos and could contribute to improved prediction of asbestos-related diseases among Koreans.