ABSTRACT
Since antibiotical treatment for Urinary Tract Infection should be based on an incident epidemiology and uropathological resistance pattern, this study aims to nominate the sample of active bacteria resistance in Urinary Tract. This descriptive-episodic study has been accomplished in Tehran-Iran in 2013. In this study sensitivity was determined by diffusion disk assay for treatment in Urinary Tract Infection diseases has been taken into account. Demographic and past medical history was collected by a questionnaire. In our study 372 patients include 308 female and 64 males the highest resistance were seen in cotrimoxazol [51.8%] and cephalexin [39%]. The highest sensitivity respectively was seen in using of ciprofloxacin [68%], in pregnant period, the highest sensitivity in using of ciprofloxacin and the highest resistance were seen in cotrimoxazol. In this study was showed E.Coli is the most common microorganism in urinary tract infection
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Drug Resistance, MicrobialABSTRACT
Generally gene silencing is applied to reduction of expression of gene or RNA sequence that is expressed. This phenomenal has been discovered among plants for the first time and have been named "post transcriptional gene silencing". This phenomenai has been named quelling in fungus and RNA interference in animals. Totally gene silencing is considered at two different levels, transcriptional gene silencing and post transcriptional gene silencing. Transcriptional gene silencing is performed by mutilation of promoter of gene that in this process. One group of methyl is joined to 5' of cytosine base by methyl transferase enzyme that this action is led to stop of transcription. General important and common factor, collaborate in gene silencing that include MRNA, double-strand RNA and analyzing of protein complex. Post transcriptional gene silencing begins with creation of double-strand RNA, then, this RNA is divided to smaller fragments about 21-26 nucleotides that is called small RNA interference by DICER system. Then, this small RNA interference in a special complex which is called RISC, that is able to distinguish and analyze of complementary mRNA. Gene silencing is transferred to adjacent cells by plasmodesmata and is spread to all of plants by vessel. Small interfering RNA under takes the role of silencing signals
ABSTRACT
Telomer consists of two parts telos and mers. telos means end and mer means part. The unique functional properties of chromosome ends were first noticed in the 1930s by the fly geneticist Herman Muller. Telomeres are capping structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, which consist of repetitive DNA bound to an array of specialized proteins. In most eukaryotes, telomeres are formed by tandem arrays of short G/C-rich repeats. The telomeric G-rich strand is always oriented with its 3' end towards chromosome termini and forms short single-stranded protrusions called G-overhangs. The length of single-stranded protrusions range from 50 to 200 nucleotides and the current model predicts that G-overhangs are tucked into a duplex telomere forming so called t-loops. The function of telomeres is to prevent chromosome ends from being detected as damaged DNA. Both the length of telomere repeats and the integrity of the telomere-binding proteins are important for telomere protection. Telomere length is regulated by telomerase, by the telomere-binding proteins, as well as by activities that modify the state of the chromatin. This review discuss about function of the protection in the chromosome end in mammals, yeast, drosophila