ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Dengue virus infection is endemic in India with all the four serotypes of dengue virus in circulation. This study was aimed to determine the geographic distribution of the primary and secondary dengue cases in India. Methods: A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Health Research / Indian Council of Medical Research (DHR)/(ICMR) viral research and diagnostic laboratories (VRDLs) and selected ICMR institutes located in India. Only laboratory-confirmed dengue cases with date of onset of illness less than or equal to seven days were included between September and October 2017. Dengue NS1 antigen ELISA and anti-dengue IgM capture ELISA were used to diagnose dengue cases while anti-dengue IgG capture ELISA was used for identifying the secondary dengue cases. Results: Of the 1372 dengue cases, 897 (65%) were classified as primary dengue and 475 (35%) as secondary dengue cases. However, the proportion varied widely geographically, with Theni, Tamil Nadu; Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh and Udupi-Manipal, Karnataka reporting more than 65 per cent secondary dengue cases while Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir reporting as low as 10 per cent of the same. The median age of primary dengue cases was 25 yr [interquartile range (IQR 17-35] while that of secondary dengue cases was 23 yr (IQR 13.5-34). Secondary dengue was around 50 per cent among the children belonging to the age group 6-10 yr while it ranged between 20-43 per cent among other age groups. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings showed a wide geographical variation in the distribution of primary and secondary dengue cases in India. It would prove beneficial to include primary and secondary dengue differentiation protocol in the national dengue surveillance programme.
ABSTRACT
Um modelo isolado de coraçao de porco perfundido com sangue foi adaptado para o uso de fósforo 31 ressonância nuclear magnética (31 pRNM) em estudos de espectroscopia do metabolismo cardíaco durante cardioplegia sangüínea contínua e normotérmica (CSCN). O experimento foi dividido em dois grupos: Grupo I (n=5): os coraçoes foram submetidos a l hora de CSCN. Grupo II (n=5): um período de 20 minutos de isquemia normotérmica durante o período de 1 hora de CSCN 17. A funçao do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foi avaliada, com o coraçao batendo, utilizando um balao intraventricular, antes do período de parada cardioplégica e a seguir, quando o coraçao foi novamente perfundido com sangue normokalêmico. Durante todo o protocolo, análise espectroscópica do metabolismo cardíaco foi obtida utilizando-se 4.7 T/3Ocm Bruker TM Biospec 31 p RNM com uma resoluçao de 2 minutos para cada resultado. Ao final dos experimentos biopsias miocárdicas foram obtidas para anáiise de ATP e fosfocreatina (PCr) utilizando cromatografia liqüída de alta "performance" (HPLC). Nao houve perda significante de ATP e PCr durante o período de parada cardioplégica com CSCN (Grupo I). Contudo, no Grupo II, a análise espectroscópica demonstrou perda completa de PCr após 14 ñ 2 minutos durante a isquemia normotérmica acompanhada de aumento de fosfato inorgânico (Pi) e diminuiçao do pH intracelular. Quando reperfundido com CSCN, PCr, pH e Pi retomaram aos valores normais em 3 minutos. A funçao do VE avaliada através da elastância sistólica final foi mantida em l00 ñ 10 por cento dos valores obtidos antes da parada cardioplégica no Grupo I. No Grupo II, a funçao do VE foi de 88 ñ 7 por cento (pSubject(s)
Heart Arrest, Induced
, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
, Phosphorus Isotopes
, Myocardium/pathology
, Swine