ABSTRACT
Background: Child abuse is an important social problem all over the world and in Pakistan too but unfortunately very little research work had been done in Pakistan on this topic. In Southern Punjab the situation is even worse. Objective: To determine the pattern of child abuse in Rahim Yar Khan, a district of southern Punjab
Methodology: Study Design: Cross sectional study
Place and Duration: Emergency Department, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan for the period of one year from 15th January 2015 to 14th January 2016. A total of 105 victims of child abuse were included in the study by non probability consecutive sampling technique. All cases of abuse between 3-14 years of age, who gave consent were included while already diagnosed cases of bleeding disorders, Osteoporosis and those didn't give the consent were excluded from study. Help of X-rays, Ultrasound and blood tests was taken when required. SPSS 16.0 was used to analyze the data
Results: Out of 105 cases, males were in majority [59%] than female [40%] and most common abuse type found was physical abuse [47.6%], then emotional abuse [21.9%], followed by sexual abuse [22%] and neglect [17%]. Educational status of the parents/guardians and their monthly income showed that majority of those were illiterate [56%] and 43% having their income up to Rs. 10000/- per month
Conclusion: We concluded that male gender was major victim of abuse and most common pattern of abuse in males was physical. These facts need to be communicated to Law enforcement agencies, media, civil society, NGO's and awareness programs especially for teachers and parents should be arranged, so that effective control can be achieved in minimum time and resources by precise policy making
ABSTRACT
Background: Colostrum is important for promoting health, growth and development of newborn and fighting the infections
Objective: To assess the knowledge and practices about Colostrum feeding among pregnant mothers in Rahim Yar Khan
Methodology: Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Duration and Setting: This Study was conducted from 8th March to 22th August 2017, in Sheikh Zayed Medical College/Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. A sample of 105 mothers was taken from Pediatrics department, Gynecology department and EPI center of Hospital that were selected by convenient sampling. A pre-designed questionnaire having variables like age of mothers, Education of mother, Occupation of mother, Residence area of mothers, knowledge about colostrum feeding, Source of information, Knowledge about importance of colostrum, Knowledge about prelacteal feeding, Practices about colostrum feeding, Practices about prelacteal feeding was filled by interviewing these women. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 16
Results: In our study, mean age of mothers was 27.85 +/-5 years, 42.9% study subjects were illitetrate 77.1% were house wives. 76.2% women has information about colostrum 45.7% of study subjects mentioned that the source of information was friends and family. 42.9% of mothers acknowledged colostrum as nutritious milk. 69.5% study subjects had misconception that prelacteal feeds are necessary for child health. 28.6% women has started breast feeding within 1st hour and 73.3% has given prelacteal feeds to their newborn babies
Conclusion: Majority of mothers had good knowledge about colostrum feeding and they thought that it was nutritious milk and good for newborn health. But on the other hand, three fourth mothers practiced prelacteal feeding for their kids. There is a big gap between knowledge and practice about colostrum feeding. Health education programme should be started to cover this gap
ABSTRACT
Background: Psychiatric illness is mental disorder or mental illness that can be explained as mental or behavior pattern that causes either suffering or poor ability to function in ordinary life. In our country psychiatric problems are increasing day by day. Very little has been done in South Punjab in this regard
Objective: To assess the health seeking behavior among psychiatric patients attending Psychiatric OPD of Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan
Methodology: Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Psychiatry Outdoor, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Duration: From 15 February to 15 May 2016. Sample Size:116 patients were interviewed. Apredesigned and pre-tested questionnaire was used for the data collection. Subjects of study were all the patients who were suffering from Psychiatric illness between 18-65 years of age and of either sex. Atotal of 116 consecutive patients were included in the study. The questionnaire was prepared and presented. It included variables on age, sex, socioeconomic status, family history, occupation, marital status and education and questions on health seeking behavior, like Health care provider, 1 contact, 2 contact, 3 contact and 4 contact, distance travelled for health care. All data was collected after getting informed verbal consent from patients. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS 16. The frequencies and percentages were calculated on categorical variables. Means and Standard Deviation were calculated on numerical variables. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 16
Results: There were total of 116 subjects included in study. 64% patients were males and 36% were females. 32.8% were illiterate while 36.2% had primary level education. 81% mothers and46.6% fathers of patients were illiterate. 63.8% patients were married and 67.2% were living in urban areas. Among 116 patients, 41.4% has depression, 19% epilepsy, 17.2% anxiety, 12.1 % schizophrenia and 10.3 % insomnia. Out of those, 56.9% of the patients went to Spiritual healer, 20.7% to Psychiatrist, 13.8% to Physician and 8.8% to Hakim overall in the study for the treatment of their psychiatric problems
Conclusion: This study showed that more than half of the patients with psychiatric problems went to Spiritual healers as first contact for health care. There is a dire need of health education programme to launch for the sensitization of people regarding to improve quality of life of psychiatric patients and improve health seeking behaviour
ABSTRACT
Background: Anxiety and depression among professionals is increasing due to multiple reasons
Objective: To determine the level of anxiety and depression among teachers, bankers, and doctors in district Rahim Yar Khan
Methodology: This was a crosssectional study conducted by using convenient sampling technique. The study subjects were teachers, bankers, and doctors working in government schools, hospitals and public or private banks. The sample size was 446. We used a validated Urdu version of Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. Anxiety was defined as a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. Depression was defined as a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect person's thought behavior, feelings, and sense of well being. According to HADS, person's scoring >= 11/22 is said to be in state of anxiety obliged depression
Results: Total respondents from the three categories were 446 including, 235 teachers, 117 doctors and 94 bank officers. Results showed that none of the group has a case of anxiety or depression according to these criteria. However, considering the level of anxiety and depression score, the level of score was higher in bankers as compared to that in other groups, and the difference was significant.[p<0.05]
Conclusion: This study showed that none of the three professional groups, teachers, doctors, and bankers in Rahim Yar Khan were suffering from anxiety or depression and female bankers have relatively higher level of anxiety and depression scores
ABSTRACT
Background: The choice of delivery place by the mothers depends on her health literacy. The maternal health literacy enables her to detect the risk factors and managing it by appropriate diet and healthier lifestyle which will give the healthy pregnancy outcome and reduce the maternal and infant mortality
Objective: To assess, relationship between maternal health literacy with choice of delivery place. and use of antenatal health services
Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Centre of Expanded Programme on Immunization at Sheikh Zayed Medical College/ Hospital Rahim Yar Khan, among pregnant women coming for the purpose of TT Vaccination. The inclusion criteria was the mothers who had already delivered one child in last five years. The study period was the month of January 2016. A total of 214 pregnant mothers were interviewed, who had given the consent. The variables were age, education, residence, husband education, occupation, antenatal visits and place of previous deliveries. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 15
Results: Among 214 pregnant women respondents, 105 [49.06%] were within age range 16-25 years 92 [43%] in age range of 26-35 years, and 17[8%] within age range of 36-45 years. Regarding residence 132 [61.68%] women were from rural and 82 [38.32%] were from urban area. Regarding literacy level of mothers 69[32.42%] were illiterate, 38 [17.75%] were primary, 57 [26.36%] were secondary and higher than secondary were 50 [23.20%]. Husbands literacy level; 53 [24.76%] were illiterate, 83 [38.78%] were primary. Secondary level was 41[19.15%] and higher than secondary 37 [17.28%]. This study revealed that among 214, 43 [20.09%] mothers has made more than two antenatal visits and 79 [36.91%] women delivered last baby at hospital and rest 135 [63.09%] deliver at home
Conclusion: There is need to address the maternal health literacy to mitigate some of the barriers cited for non utilization of skilled birth services and antenatal visits
ABSTRACT
Background: Diarrhea is one of the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children
Objective: To assess knowledge and practices of rural mothers about diarrhea among infants
Methodology: Study design Cross-sectional sutdy. Place and Duration: This study was conducted at EPI center of OPD and diarrheal unit of children ward Sheikh Zayed Hospital Rahim Yar Khan, from 15th March to 15 May 2016. A total of 224 rural mothers of infants were included in the study by non probability consecutive sampling technique. Before commencing with the data collection, informed consent was taken. The performa was designed and pretested and it contained variables like age, mother's education, mothers occupation, family income per month, knowledge about definition of diarrhea, causes of diarrhea, signs of dehydration, consequences of diarrhea, prepration of market available ORS sachet, continuation of breast feeding during diarrhea, consultation with doctor during diarrhea, time of consultation with the doctor, diet preferences during diarrhea and preventive measures applied by mothers during diarrhea. All the data collected was recorded on the performa, entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 16
Results: Mean age of mothers was 27 +/- 5 years. In our study [49.10%] months were illiterate. Regarding mothers occupation 74.11% were housewives. Regarding Knowledge of the mothers on definition of diarrhea 46.43% told loose watery stool, 3.57% told increased frequency and 36.61% told both loose watery stool and increased frequency. As regards causes of diarrhea, [24.11%] pointed out contaminated water, [9.82%] eating mud and [26.78%] told both contaminated water and eating mud. Regarding signs of dehydration [9.82%] sunken eyes, [6.25%] dry skin and [25%] considered both Sunken eyes and Dry skin. Regarding practices during diarrhea, 68.76% continued breast feeding during diarrhea, 92.86% consulted doctor but before consulting the doctor, 21.88% did self medication and 65.62% consulted the doctor when condition of child was not improving. 33%] gave diet preferences to both ORS and khichree, 26.79% ORS and 6.69% khichree only. 40.89% applied boiling the water, covering the food and keeping child and environment clean as preventive measure during diarrhea whereas 22.32% did boiling the water and covering the food only, whereas, 3.57% boiling the water only and 2.67% covering the foods only
Conclusion: Majority of the mothers has good knowledge and practices about diarrhea but still many of them do not have clear idea about prevention and ideal practices to be adopted during diarrhea and they should be focused. There is a need of health education program to be started in the rural areas of Rahim Yar Khan
ABSTRACT
Background: Breast milk is produced by the breast of the mother which is a complete nutrition for infants. In Pakistan, breastfeeding is suboptimal and beyond the set targets of World Health Organization [WHO]. There are certain supportive factors and obstacles for the mothers, which play their roles in initiation and maintaining the breastfeeding
Objective: This study was conducted, to find out the supportive factors and obstacles in the initiation and maintaining the breastfeeding
Subjects and Methods: This was a cross sectional study, conducted in the Pediatric Unit of Sheikh Zayed Medical College / Hospital Rahim Yar Khan, during the month of March 2014. The study subjects were only those mothers who were present in the ward along with their infants under 6 months of age. A questionnaire was designed and 189 mothers were interviewed regarding different factors in initiation and continuation of breastfeeding, after taking their consent
Results: This study was conducted on 189 mothers. Regarding place of delivery 102 mothers who had domiciliary delivery, 88 [86.27%] breastfed their baby, 74 mothers who had normal hospital delivery, 51 [69%] preferred breastfeeding and among 13 C-section cases 5 [38.46%] mothers chose to breastfeed their babies. The results shows that 78.95%, 63.41% and 33.33% mothers chose breast-feeding in first, second and successive deliveries respectively. 13 [38.09%] out of 21 teenage mothers not their babies and in mothers of 21-30 years of age, 28[25%] did not breast fest fed their child. In mothers out of 30 years of age, 23[43%] out of 53 mothers did not breastfed
Conclusion: Our study showed that domiciliary place of delivery, 1[st] delivery, age of mother in twenties, family motivation and housewives were the factors that promoted the breast feeding practices. A collaborative awareness campaign by social media, family workers and health personals about breastfeeding should be designed especially for teenagers and primiparas that could settle their apprehensions and other issues about problems of lactation