ABSTRACT
Objectives: Gram-negative bacteria represent the most relevant reservoir of resistance to antibiotics in the environment. The natural selection of resistant clones of bacteria in the environment by antimicrobial selective pressure is a relevant mechanism for spreading antibiotic resistance traits in both the community and hospital environment. This is in scenarios where antimicrobials are used irrationally, and even in the propagation of livestock, poultry birds, and for other veterinary purposes. This study sought to detect the prevalence of FOX-1 AmpC beta-lactamase genes from abattoir samples
Methods: The isolation of Escherichia coli, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and beta-lactamase characterization was carried out using standard microbiology techniques. The production of AmpC beta-lactamase was phenotypically carried out using the cefoxitin-cloxacillin double-disk synergy test [CC-DDST], and FOX-1 AmpC genes was detected in the E. coli isolates using multiplex polymerase chain reaction
Results: Forty-eight E. coli isolates were recovered from the anal swabs of cows and 35 [72.9%] isolates were positive for the production of beta-lactamase. Notably, high percentages of resistance to cefoxitin [91.7%], ceftriaxone [83.3%], imipenem [85.4%], ceftazidime [87.5%], ofloxacin [81.3%], and gentamicin [85.4%] were found. FOX-1 genes were detected in three [6.3%] of the 48 E. coli isolates phenotypically screened for AmpC enzyme production
Conclusions: Abattoirs could represent a major reservoir of resistance genes especially AmpC beta-lactamase, and this could serve as a route for the dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the community. Thus, the molecular identification of drug-resistant genes is vital for a reliable epidemiological investigation and the forestalling of the emergence and spread of these organisms through the food chain in this region
ABSTRACT
Pregnant women infected with Trichomonas vaginalis are often untreated and evidence from the biology and epidemiology of the organism suggests that it may play an important role in causing adverse pregnancy outcomes. Using high vaginal swab from consenting pregnant women, a follow-up hospital based survey of T. vaginalis infection and its effect on pregnancy outcome among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics was conducted. Pregnancy outcome was determined on the basis of delivery before 37 weeks of gestation (according to general standards), low birth weight infants and neonatal conjunctivitis. The presence of T. vaginalis was re-examined at the point of delivery to exclude treated cases of infection during gestation period. Of the 688 pregnant women who gave birth within the study period, 89(12.9%) were positive for T. vaginalis with 31(19.38%) of the positive patients having pre-term delivery. Also, of the total of 89 infants from the infected mothers, 21(24.14%) had low birth weight of below 2.5 Kg, while 31(18.8%) had conjunctivitis. The result shows that the infection of T. vaginalis during pregnancy is significantly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. In view of the public health importance of this common sexually transmitted disease (STD), we advocate routine surveillance of trichomoniasis among pregnant women and prompt treatment of infected individuals and their sexual partners.