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Aims: Our study was carried out to appraise the phytochemical screening and antioxidant potentials of Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.) bark extracts. Study Design: For the purpose of this experiment the extracts were subjected for an in-vitro study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in August 2014 in the Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methodology: The various fractions of Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.) barks as Ethanolic (ETF), ethyl acetate (EAF), chloroform(CLF) and pet ether (PTF) fractions-were obtained after extraction were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The antioxidant capacity of these fractions were evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay .Total antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ETF, EAF, CLF and PTF extracts of S. caseolaris were determined. Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoid, steroid, tannin compounds in large amounts. In DPPH scavenging assay among the extracts, ethanolic fractions exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 4.57 μg /ml .The highest phenolic content was found in EAF extracts (63.00 mg of GAE / g. of dried extract) followed by CLF (36.25 mg of GAE / g. of dried extract) and PTF (26.28 mg of GAE /g. of dried extract). The highest total antioxidant activity was also found in ETF fraction (185 GAE/g of dried sample followed by EAF fraction (99.00GAE/g of dried sample), PTF (84.00 GAE/g of dried sample) and Chloroform (49.00 GAE/g of dried sample). Conclusion: Our result demonstrates that all the extractives of S. caseolaris have appreciable antioxidant activities. But, further study is necessary to isolate the active compounds.
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Aims: The methanolic extract of Grewia nervosa L. leaves belongs to the family of Tiliaceae. The purpose of this study was to evaluate total phenolics, total flavonoids, total proanthocyanidins, total antioxidant capacity, iron reducing power capacity, free radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Lipid peroxidation inhibition activity, anti-acetylcholinestrase activity, anti-butyrylcholinestrase activity, metal chelating activity, total flavonols, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity and phytochemical screening. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out between April 2015 to June 2015 in the Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methodology: Antioxidant activity and neuroprotective activities were determined by several standard methods. Phytochemical screening was done by characteristic colour changes or colour precipitate using standard phytochemical reaction methods. Results: The anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of different extracts of G. nervosa was assessed by a slightly modified Ellman coupled enzyme assay. IC50 of the crude extract and its fractions petroleum ether fraction (PEF), chloroform fraction (CLF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and aqueous fraction (AQF) was found to be 17.07 µg/ml, 15.08 µg/ml, 135.57 µg/ml, 274.78 µg/ml respectively. In butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory assay, the lowest activity was found in PTEF with IC50 value 15.79 and the highest activity was found in CLF with IC50 value 7.55. The crude methanol extract and its different fractions showed considerable total antioxidant activity and reducing capacity. In DPPH scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, the crude methanol extract showed 79.54% and 89.54% scavenging having IC50 of 11.36 and 15.06 μg/ml respectively. Among the fractions, ethyl acetate exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 of 14.98 μg/ml, while the petroleum ether fraction exhibited the lowest activity with IC50 of 553.09 μg/ml. In hydroxyl radical scavenging activity aqueous fraction exhibited the highest scavenging activity with IC50 of 14.84 μg/ml, while petroleum ether fraction exhibited the lowest activity with IC50 of 33.39 μg/ml. In the lipid peroxidation assay, crude methanol extract showed significant inhibition of peroxidation at all concentrations, with IC50 of 54.41 μg/ml. Among the fractions, ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the highest activity with IC50 of 33.46 μg/ml. Conclusion: Observing the in-vitro studies, it can be concluded that the methanolic extract of G. nervosa leaves could be used in different diseases because of its effective pharmacological properties. So, further studies are recommended to isolate the exact compounds responsible for this activity and their efficacy needs to be tested.
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Background: Diabetic mellitus is a multifactorial disorder associated with its devastating consequences has assumed epidemic proportion in Bangladesh.Methods: The study evaluates the anti-hyperglycemic activity of the aqueous extracts of C. tamala (CTLEt) leaves in blood glucose of albino rats. Type II diabetes mellitus was induced by injecting alloxan at the concentration of 100mg/kg body weight in male albino rats. The diabetic rats were administered orally with aqueous CTLEt at the amount of 1.0ml, 1.5ml and 2.0ml with lab diet and glibenclamide (5mg/kg of body weight). Then blood glucose levels were estimated in all groups after 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 18 hours of the treatment with CTLEt and a known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide.Results: A comparison was made between the action of CTLEt and glibenclamide. Blood glucose levels of the CTLEt on 18th hours of the study were 8.6 to 5.1mmol/L (1ml CTLEt with lab diet), 10.4 to 4.9mmol/L (1.5ml CTLEt with lab diet), 14.7 to 4.3mmol/L (2.0ml CTLEt with lab diet) in comparison of diabetic control (9.5 to 8.5, 8.7 to 7.8, 7.7 to 7.1mmol/L) and glibenclamide (13.9 to 6.5, 16.3 to 6.1, 9.5 to 5.1mmol/L). Among the sample level, the 2.0ml CTLEt showed a higher efficiency of hypoglycemic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats.Conclusions: Till date, there is no specific experimental work in Bangladesh about the evolution of antidiabetic activity of C. tamala plant in animal model. Further studies should be undertaken to find out the molecular mechanism of the leaf powder of C. tamala medicinal plant.
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Background: The present study was carried out for the isolation, identification of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from broiler meat samples (leg muscle, breast muscle and drumstick) which were collected from different upazilla markets of Mymensingh, Gazipur, and Sherpur districts during the period of January 2015 to May 2015. Methods: A total of 60 samples were subjected to bacterial isolation and identification by using cultural, biochemical, and polymerase chain reaction assays. Results: Using standard bacteriological techniques E. coli was isolated from 50 (83.33%) samples and Salmonella spp. from 18 (31.66%) samples. Furthermore, the isolates were subjected to antibiogram studies by disk diffusion method using eight commonly used antibiotics. Antibiogram studies revealed that gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin were highly sensitive against all the isolated bacteria, whereas most of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Out of all the isolates, 5 isolates of E. coli and 3 isolates of Salmonella were found multidrug resistant. Conclusions: The study revealed the presence of multidrug resistant Salmonella and E. coli in broiler meat sold in live bird market of different upazilla.
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Heavy metals pollution is amongst the commonest form of environmental pollution. These metals have accumulated over time from the smelting and mining activities of man, from poor waste disposal practices and from modernization. Recently the impact of heavy metal pollution of the environment is stirring up serious concerns since the discovery that some edible plants accumulate these metals to a level, toxic to both themselves and to the animals that consumes them. Common features of heavily polluted soil include barrenness, desertification, erosion, and this usually result in developmental stagnation in areas with such pollution. More researches have recently been stepped up in the field of remediating soils polluted with heavy metals. Traditional method includes excavation of the top soil, capping of the soil, stabilization of the polluting heavy metals, soil washing. In recent time, emphases have been drawn to the use of plants that has high metal accumulating and tolerating capacity to remediate metal-contaminated soil. This mini-review highlights the different conventional and recent practices in the control of heavy metal pollution.
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The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system was recently identified as a bacterial defense mechanism against phages and plasmids. The CRISPR system is composed of DNA arrays containing short sequences identical to those present in phages and plasmids. These short DNAs are transcribed and processed by CRISPR associated proteins that also guide other CRISPR proteins to target the invading DNA. Only a few of the CRISPR components have been characterized to date, and their mechanism of action is still largely unknown. Phage defense mechanisms probably have co-evolved against the CRISPR system, but none has yet been found. We propose to identify phage genes that counteract the CRISPR system.
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Background: 2α,3β,21β,23,28-penta hydroxyl 12-oleanene was isolated from roots of Laportea crenulata Gaud (Urticaceae) as a new triterpenoid and its antifungal activities was evaluated against a number of fungi where moderate antifungal activities were reported. However, no toxicological study has yet been carried out. Objective: The sub-acute toxicity of 2α,3β,21β,23,28-penta hydroxyl 12-oleanene was studied on albino mice. Methods: The triterpenoid was administered on intraperitoneal route at 300 μg per mouse (20-27g) daily for 14 consecutive days. The studies included the determination of changes in body weight, hematological profiles (total count of red blood cell, white blood cell and platelet, differential count of white blood cell, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hemoglobin percentage), and biochemical parameters of blood (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum bilirubin, creatinine, and urea) as well as histopathology of the liver, kidney, heart, and lung. Result: The changes in body weight, hematological, and biochemical parameters were statistically not significant when compared to control group mice. Histopathologically no abnormality was found on liver, kidney, heart, and lung of experimental group mice after treatment when compared to that of control group mice. Conclusion: In sub-acute toxicity studies, the triterpenoid was found to be nontoxic. We suggest further studies such as chronic toxicological studies as well as route selection experiments.