ABSTRACT
Abstract: Approximately 90% of the world population is infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Usually, it infects B lymphocytes, predisposing them to malignant transformation. Infection of epithelial cells occurs rarely, and it is estimated that about to 10% of gastric cancer patients harbor EBV in their malignant cells. Given that gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a global annual incidence of over 950,000 cases, EBV-positive gastric cancer is the largest group of EBV-associated malignancies. Based on gene expression profile studies, gastric cancer was recently categorized into four subtypes; EBV-positive, microsatellite unstable, genomically stable and chromosomal instability. Together with previous studies, this report provided a more detailed molecular characterization of gastric cancer, demonstrating that EBV-positive gastric cancer is a distinct molecular subtype of the disease, with unique genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, reflected in a specific phenotype. The recognition of characteristic molecular alterations in gastric cancer allows the identification of molecular pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival, with the potential to identify therapeutic targets. These findings highlight the enormous heterogeneity of gastric cancer, and the complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic alterations in the disease, and provide a roadmap to implementation of genome-guided personalized therapy in gastric cancer. The present review discusses the initial studies describing EBV-positive gastric cancer as a distinct clinical entity, presents recently described genetic and epigenetic alterations, and considers potential therapeutic insights derived from the recognition of this new molecular subtype of gastric adenocarcinoma.
Subject(s)
Humans , Stomach Neoplasms/virology , Adenocarcinoma/virology , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics , Stomach Neoplasms/genetics , Adenocarcinoma/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications , Epigenesis, GeneticABSTRACT
Kaposi's sarcoma is a multifocal vascular lesion of low-grade potential that is most often present in mucocutaneous sites and usually also affects lymph nodes and visceral organs. The condition may manifest through purplish lesions, flat or raised with an irregular shape, gastrointestinal bleeding due to lesions located in the digestive system, and dyspnea and hemoptysis associated with pulmonary lesions. In the early 1980s, the appearance of several cases of Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men was the first alarm about a newly identified epidemic, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In 1994, it was finally demonstrated that the presence of a herpes virus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma called HHV-8 or Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus and its genetic sequence was rapidly deciphered. The prevalence of this virus is very high (about 50%) in some African populations, but stands between 2% and 8% for the entire world population. Kaposi's sarcoma only develops when the immune system is depressed, as in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which appears to be associated with a specific variant of the Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus. There are no treatment guidelines for Kaposi's sarcoma established in Brazil, and thus the Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology and the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases developed the treatment consensus presented here.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Sarcoma, Kaposi , Brazil , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Risk Factors , Sarcoma, Kaposi/diagnosis , Sarcoma, Kaposi/epidemiology , Sarcoma, Kaposi/therapy , Societies, MedicalABSTRACT
A anemia por deficiência de ferro é a doença nutricional mais prevalente no mundo, sobretudo na infância, constituindo-se sério problema de Saúde Pública. No Brasil, os dados disponíveis apresentam ampla variação de cunho regional, com tendência a aumento de prevalência em seus índices mais recentes. Neste estudo de revisão, seus aspectos epidemiológicos, fatores causais, grupos de risco e seus impactos sobre o indivíduo são salientados. Novas estratégias de prevenção e intervenções de caráter populacional são apresentadas como formas alternativas na sua abordagem, com resultados promissores.
lron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent nutritonal disorder of the world, speciafly on the infancy, becoming a Public Health 's serius problem. In Brazif, available works about the subject have wide regional variations, with the tendency of a prevalence's increase in these most recent representa tive datas. In this revision 's paper epidemiological aspects, cause factors, risk groups, individual consequences of iron deficiency and new pre- vention strategies was emphasized.