ABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the status, attitude and related risk factors on smoking among 18-65 years old patients with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma in Beijing. Methods: Data was gathered from the 2014 Beijing Non-communicable and Chronic Disease Surveillance Program. Multiple classified cluster sampling method was used and 19 815 participants aged 18-65 were sampled from 16 districts in Beijing. Results: Among all the 18 405 participants, male hypertensive patients showed a higher rate on current smoking than the other groups (χ(2)=17.695, P<0.001). Male patients with dyslipidemia had higher current smoking rate than the other groups (χ(2)=39.292, P<0.001). However, female patients with COPD or with asthma showed higher rate on current smoking than the other groups (χ(2)=6.276, P=0.012), (χ(2)=8.245, P=0.004). Among the smokers, hypertensive patients presented lower rate (χ(2)=20.487, P<0.001) on intention of smoking concession, than the other groups. Patients with COPD showed greater intention in quitting smoking (χ(2)=6.085, P=0.048), than the other groups. Male patients with diabetes (χ(2)=9.219, P=0.010) or dyslipidemia (χ(2)=13.513, P=0.001) who had stopped smoking tobacco appeared having higher rates in keeping the current status. Results from logistic regression analyses showed that smoking was the risk factor for hypertension (OR=1.17), dyslipidemia (OR=1.25), COPD (OR=1.78), and asthma (OR=1.57). Conclusions: Patients with certain kinds of chronic diseases showed higher rate of current smoking and lower rate of quitting. Cigarette consumption appeared an important risk factor for patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, COPD, or asthma in Beijing.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Asthma/epidemiology , Beijing/epidemiology , Chronic Disease/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Hypertension/epidemiology , Intention , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Smokers , Smoking/psychology , Smoking Cessation , Nicotiana/adverse effectsABSTRACT
This study explored the effects of GnRH agonist [GnRHa] immunity on expression of FSHR mRNA in pituitary and FSHR protein in uteri, and also confirmed its efficacy on uterine development. 42 prepuberty and non cyclic ewes were assigned to 6 experimental groups [EG] during anestrus season. Animals in EG-I, EG-II and EG-III were subcutaneously injected with 200, 300 and 400 ìg alarelin antigens [day 0 and 14]. Animals in EG-IV and EG-V were subcutaneously injected with 200 and 300 microg alarelin antigen [day 0, 7, 14 and 21]. Uterine FSHR protein expression was detected using Western-blotting. RT-PCR was implemented to measure expression of pituitary FSHR mRNA on day 70 after the immunity. Compared to the CG, pituitary FSHR mRNA levels reduced by 58%, 88% and 91% [P<0.01] in EG-I, EG-II and EG-III. FSHR mRNA in EG-IV and EG-V reduced by 64.29% [P<0.05] and 10.11% compared to EG-I and EG-II. Expression levels of uterine FSHR protein in EG-III and EG-V were higher than that in CG. The uterine gl and s, mitochondriaandmitochondrial crista decreased, and the gl and ular cavity reduced, also the microvilli shortened. Uterine horn weights in EG-I, EG-II and EG-III reduced by 4.66%, 10.20% and 16.63%, respectively. Uterine wall thickness [UWT] in EG-I, EG-II and EG-III reduced by 1.41%, 5.84% and 8.75% [P<0.05]. The endometrial epithelium thickness [EET] in EG-I, EG-II and EG-III decreased 2.70%, 8.87% and 19.15%. The positive correlations between uterine horn weights and UWT, EET and FSHR were calculated