[Astigmatism reduction in frown incision Phacosection]

Cataract is a type of tarnish observable opacity in different layers constituting the lens and will cause light occlusion or scattering. Necessity for treatment of Cataract via surgery and its close relation with corneal astigmatism, when we applied a new method in cutting and type of cataract surgery, led us to measure the post-operation corneal astigmatism changes in frown incision Phacosection. This interventional study has been done on 73 eyes[58 patients]. These patients were gone under Cataract surgery via no stitch frown incision scleral tunnel phacosection method. In this study we have 7mm external scleral incision with no suture. They were Keratometerized in four separate periods including pre-operation, one week, one month and three months post- operation. Data was analyzed using independent and paired t-tests. Age, sex and left or right eye had no influence on astigmatism. Mean pre- operation astigmatism was 0.84 +/- 0.87D, mean astigmatism 1 week post- operation was 0.27 +/- 0.88 D, 1 month post- operation 0.06 +/- 0.82 D, and three months post-operation was -0.03 +/- 0.85 D [P= 0.0001]. Before operation, 80% of the patients did have an astigmatism rate less than 1D that increased to 94.5% in three months period after operation and in 89% of the cases, the ultimate change in astigmatism has been found lower than 1D. The obtained information revealed that there is a meaningful difference between pre-operation astigmatism and the same after one week, one month and three months post-operation[P= 0.0001]. Independent sample t and paired t-test were used to analyse data. Our study indicated that the no stitch frown incision scleral tunnel phacosection surgery can reduce pre-op corneal astigmatism, and because of induction of the slight controlled astigmatism we can apply this technique for all cataractic patients

Effect of ketamine on injection pain and hemodynamic effects of propofol

Pain following propofol injection was reported between 28- 90%. Ketamine have lesser cardiovascular depression effect and also local anesthetic effect. In this study effect of ketamin were analyzed when it given before propofol injection. In a randomized double blind clinical trial selected 120 ASA I, II Ptients with 15-65 years old. They were candidated for elective surgery, in half of the patients 100 /xg/kg ketamine in 2 ml volume and in another half, 2 ml distilled water were given before propofol injection. Severity of injection pain was evaluated according to 4 scale criteria [none, mild, moderate, or severe] fifteen seconds after injection of 25% of the calculated dose of propofol. Heart rate [HR] and noninvasive blood pressure were recorded before and after propofol injection, immediately and 3 minutes after intubation. The data were analysed by Mann Whitney U, Pooled t-Test and the Chi-squared test. Pain was not sensed in 51.56% and 75% of control and case groups respectively. In cases group showed little decrease in systolic and diastolic pressures after anesthetic induction [p = 0.012 and p = 0.005]. There were upper diastolic pressures after intubation [p = 0.00] and 3 minutes after intubation [p = 0.000]. During intervention heart rate changes had not significant difference between two groups. Ketamine pre-treatment was an effective method in reducing pain and providing hemodynamic stability after propofol induction

[Determination of relationship between father's cigarette smokingand sex ratio in children]

Sex ratio is referred to male, female ratio which is usually 1.06. This ratio is decreased during the last few years. One of it's reasons seems to be poisons and environmental pollutions such as cigarette smoke. In this investigation we studied the relationship between father's cigarette smoking and sex ratio in children.This is a historical cohort study. Study population were neonates born in Arak hospitals during summer and autumn 1383. Sample size was determined 710 neonates, based on alpha = 5%, beta = 10%. Sampling method was census in which all newborns with inclusion criteria were selected and questionnaires were filled. Samples were divided into three groups. 1- Newborns with nonsmoker fathers 2- Newborns with smoker fathers [less than 20 cigarettes a day] 3- Newborns with smoker fathers [20 or more cigarettes a day][Father's cigarette smoking at least 3 months before conception in second and third group]. Newborn's sex ratio was determined in each group and caparisoned. Data analysis was done by frequency, ratio, mean and standard deviation indexes and K-S, leven, t, mann-whitney, chi square tests and relative risk, using SPSS software. At all stages of the study Helsinki declaration was regarded.Overall sex ratio was 1.04. This ratio was 1.272 for neonates with nonsmoker fathers and 0.77 for neonates with smoker fathers. Also sex ratio in newborns with smoker fathers using less than 20 cigarettes a day was 0.846 and for those with fathers using 20 or more was 0.60. Based on chi square there was a meaningful relationship between the three groups[p<0.00001]. Relative risk in low cigarette group was 1.23 and in high cigarette group 1.42.Based on findings it seems that father's cigarette smoking near conception results in decreasing sex ratio and the increased use of cigarettes the decreased born of male neonates