ABSTRACT
Formant structure is one of the most important acoustical characteristics of sound, the relationship between first three formants is the main component of perceptual categorization by the listener. The quality and the kind of one vowel is related to its formant. The goal of this descriptive-analytical study was to assign and compare formant structure of Persian vowels between 50 Persian children 7-9 years old from two separate schools in Tehran [25 boys and 25 girls] and 50 adults aged between 18 and 22 from persian students and employees at the rehabilitation sciences faculty of Iran [25 men and 25 women]. Six persian vowels [/i/,/e/,/ae/,/a/,/o/,/u/] were produced using simple sample. The first three formant of persian language vowels were obtained and compared between two groups of male adults and school boys and also female adults and school girls. Fundamental frequency, first three formants of each vowel [F1, F2, F3], band frequency of each formant, and the intensity of each formant in each vowel were obtained and recorded by speech studio software and laryngograph device. In all groups, /ae /vowel was the lowest height vowel and /i/ vowel is the highest high one. In addition, /i/ vowel was the high front vowel and /u/ vowel was the high back vowel one in all groups. The results of comparison of formant structure of Persian language vowels in two groups of male adults and school boys, and female adults and school girls suggested that all quantities of formant frequency of the Persian vowels in adults is lower than children, by what it says that male and female adults had lower formant frequencies in compare with boys and girls. These findings were similar to pervious same studies. The differences observed between children and adults are due to different vocal tract length and different size of resonator cavities
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Speech Perception , Phonetics , Verbal Behavior , Child , AdultABSTRACT
Formant structure is one of the most important acoustic characteristics of Sounds. We can differentiate Vowels according to their first three Formants. Objective measurements of Vowel Formants are more valid than auditory perception in pathologic circumstances including children with hearing impairment. In this analytical-descriptive and cross-sectional study we compared the Persian Vowel Formants between 64 Normal and hearing impaired students ranged from 15-18 years Old in Esfahan high school. The mean of Fl, F2, F2/F1 and F3/F1 of Persian vowels in all groups were significantly different [P<0/05]. The mean of F3 of Persian vowels only in/u/ was significantly different. Results showed that students with moderate and severe hearing impairment had an irregular pattern of vowel arrangement in regard of the most and the least three formants [Fl- F2 - F3]. They also tend to substitute forward vowels with backwards and near the vowels place of articulation to back of the tongue and making sclnowa because of their dependence on proprioceptive sense while making sound
ABSTRACT
One of the most prevalent problems in individuals suffering from resonance disorder is nasal air escape. Super Nasal Oral Ratio System [SNORS] is such an instrument which determines ratio of air escape from nasal and oral cavities. A precise judgment may be implemented by comparing the measured ratio of these patients with those of normal persons. It was an analytical-descriptive study in which 30 words [validated by speech pathologists] were chosen. The cases including 22 female and 15 male were asked to read these terms 10 times and then nasal ratio for each term was measured by SNORS. The test was repeated two weeks later to assure reliability of the words. There was no significant difference in ratio of each term. However repetition of the test showed no significant difference between words for nasal ratio but for 8 words. In 22 selected words 10 words [5 words nasal consonant and 5 words without it] with lowest standard deviation were selected as final list. The final list of words may be used for assignment of nasal ratio in males and females by SNORS