ABSTRACT
Background: Malva sylvestris L. [M. sylvestris] has antioxidant property and is widely used in the traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin and urological disorders
Objective: In this study, the protective effect of M. sylvestris against sodium fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat was evaluated
Methods: The M. sylvestris flower extract was prepared and injected intraperitoneally at the doses of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg/day to rat groups [10 in each group] for 1 week and subsequently 600 ppm sodium fluoride was added to the rats drinking water for 1 additional week. After these steps, the rat serum levels of urea, creatinine, reduced glutathione, catalase and malondialdehyde were determined. The histopathology of the rats' kidney was also studied. In this study, vitamin C [10 mg/kg/day] was used as positive control
Results: Sodium fluoride administration increased levels of BUN, creatinine, glutathione, catalase activity and decreased malondialdehyde levels indicating induction of nephrotoxicity in the rats. M. sylvestris extract pretreatment significantly decreased the BUN and creatinine levels [P<0.05]. Catalase activity and glutathione levels were significantly increased by M. sylvestris [P<0.05]. All three doses of the M. sylvestris decreased the malondialdehyde level, but it was significant only for the dose of 400 mg/kg/day [P<0.05]. The Malva sylvestris effects were comparable with those of vitamin C. Histopathological findings also showed protective effects of M. sylvestris against the renal damage induced by sodium fluoride
Conclusion: The results suggest that M. sylvestris has protective effects against sodium fluorideinduced nephrotoxicity which maybe mediated by the antioxidant activity of the plant flavonoids
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals, Laboratory , Male , Malva , Sodium Fluoride/toxicity , Phytotherapy , Rats, Wistar , Models, AnimalABSTRACT
It seems that studying medicine is distinct from other academic disciplines in exerting more stress [environmental, emotional or physical], which is a unique characteristic of the medical field. This study aimed at a contrastive analysis of psychological disorders among medical and non-medical students at different educational levels. In this cause-comparison study, a total of 212 88-89 school-year medical students from Zanjan University of Medical Sciences were selected through census and evaluated by a SCL90 checklist and demographic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics [mean, and standard deviation] and inferential statistics [Kruskal-Wallis and U-Mann-Whitney] were used for data analysis. After analyzing the data by the SPSS software, results show that there are significant differences in all total indexes [GSI]. Particularly, the small-scale test SCL90 [except the physical preparation, anxiety, and hostility, alpha >0.05], shows significant differences between the three groups of medical students, P<0.01 [except for phobia, alpha <0.05]. Interestingly, the mental health scores of the students at higher levels show a considerable improvement. According to the results of our study, it does not appear that studying medicine, regarding its stressful nature, has a negative impact on the mental health of the students, because the results suggest that students at higher levels exhibit even a better mental health status
ABSTRACT
Background: Given the importance of behavioral disorders in adolescents as a substantial public health problem in our country, understanding the prevalence of these disorders among adolescents is an essential component of health policies for provision of mental health and other services
Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral disorders among high school adolescents of Zanjan province
Methods: This prevalence study was conducted in [2009-2010] on 750 high school adolescents of Zanjan province with a mean age of 15.36 +/- 0.5 years. Data was collected from teachers in the end of the school year using the standardized Teacher's Report Form [TRF] with a 95.5% response rate
Findings: The total prevalence of behavioral symptoms was 27.8%, with 27.3% for girls and 28.3% for boys. The difference between the two sexes was not significant. Nevertheless, the prevalence rate of "Anxious/Depressed" syndrome was higher in girls than boys [P<0.05], and that of "Rule-Breaking Behavior" higher in boys than girls [P<0.01]. In addition, the "Anxious/Depressed" and "Attention Problems" were found to have the highest and lowest prevalence rates among girls while the "Rule-Breaking Behavior" and "Attention Problems" had the highest and lowest prevalence rates among boys, respectively
Conclusion: Given the findings of present study, the prevalence rate of behavior disorders among adolescents of Zanjan province was high and this makes it necessary to pay special attention to the problem areas covered by TRF in the mental health care programs of adolescents
ABSTRACT
Background and aim: The postoperative pain control is performed with different methods [regional anesthesia, acupuncture, music therapy,] or drugs such as opioids, NSAIDs and Ketamine. In many researches, Metoclopramide is used for decreasing postoperative pain. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Metoclopramide [M] and Ketamine [K] as a preemptive analgesia on postoperative pain
Methods: In a double blinded clinical trial study 86 ASA 1 and 2 patients enrolled in this study and divided into two groups of Metoclopramide [M] and Ketamine [K]. Half an hour before the operation patients in group M and group K received 10 and 0.3 mg/kg, i.v. Metochlopramide and Ketamine, respectively. The pain scores and the amounts of opioid consumption in recovery room and first 24 hours and the postoperative complications such as nausea, vomiting, irritability and psychological problems were recorded. Data were analyzed using student-t test, ANOVA and Chi-square statistical analysis
Results: There was no significant difference in demographic data including weight, age, sex, duration of surgery and basic hemodynamic parameters between two groups [P>0.05]. The pain score was lower in Metoclopramide group [3.98+/-3.04] compared to the Ketamine group [5.93+/-3.32] in recovery room and first 24 hours after surgery. In addition, there was a statistical difference in the frequency of drug's side effects in group M [30.02%] and the group K [95.3%] [P<0.001]. The extubation time was significantly longer in Ketamine group [5.3+/-0.8] than Metoclopramide group [7.4+/-0.7] [P<0.05]
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that administration of Metochlopramide before induction of anesthesia was more effective than Ketamine for reducing postoperative pain, which suggests analgesic effects of Metoclopramide
ABSTRACT
Background and Purpose: Self-efficacy is a modifiable psychological variable in sustained breastfeeding that is defined as a mother's confidence in her perceived ability for successful and exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, the present study was conducted in order to compare the effectiveness of "Hands on" and" Hands off" methods on breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparous mothers
Materials and Methods: In this experimental single-blind study, 124 primiparous women were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. Participants in the experimental group received one of the structured one-on-one educational sessions [i.e., hands-off or hands-on] within the first two hours of giving birth to her child. Mothers in control group received usual postpartum care. Follow-up assessments were conducted one, four, and eight weeks after the birth. Data collection was done through interview forms, examination and observation, checklist of breastfeeding status, breastfeeding self-efficacy and dailyfeeding form. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using one-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis and correlation coefficient [p<0.05 was considered as significance level and test power of 80% was estimated]
Results: Mean score of self efficacy in the first week of handsoff and hands-on groups were 59.9 +/- 4.78 and 54.59 +/- 7.55 respectively; it was 56.6+/-8.93 in the routine care participants. In the fourth week, the figure amounted to 63.28 +/- 6.63 and 58.78 +/- 9.05 respectively; also, in the routine care participants it was 56.1 +/- 9.04. But in the eighth week, the figures were 66.7 +/- 5.3 and 61.7 +/- 8.4 respectively; it was 60.9 +/- 6.2 in the routine group. A statistically significant difference was demonstrated the three between treatment durations [p=0.000]
Conclusion: The hands-off education increased breastfeeding self efficacy in the first eight weeks after birth