ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: We atlempted to determine the prevalence rate of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, learning disorder, and mental retardation of elementary school children in a rural area, and to evaluate a cost, and time-efficient method for identifying of children with such disabilities. METHODS: We studied 1,256 children from 6 elementary schools in a rural aiea using used two-stage design. At the first step, we used the key informant and the total population survey methods for identifying children with disability. Teacher checklists were used as screening instruments in total population survey. And at the second step, child interview and KEDI-WISC were employed to make diagnoses. RESULTS: 1)The prevalence rate of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)was 1.99%. The prevalence rates of learning disorder(LD)and mental retardation(MR)were 0.40% and 2.23%, respectively. 2)The prevalence rate of MR was significantly higher in total population method compared with key informant method(3.29% vs. 1.23%) Other comparison of prevalence rates in two methods was not significantly different. Positive predictabilities of ADHD and learning disabilities by key informants were higher than by DBDRS and APRS, the checklists used in total population methods. 3)The probability of illness was much higher when the teacher and parents reported the problems of child concurrently. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rate of ADHD in elementary school children in the rural area was 1. 99%. And the prevalence rates of LD and MR were 0.40% and 2.23%, respectively. Key informant method was more effective compared with total population survey in positive predictability and diagnostic concordance. In identifying children with disabilities, the combined data from teacher and a parent was most reliable.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Checklist , Surveys and Questionnaires , Diagnosis , Disabled Children , Epidemiologic Studies , Intellectual Disability , Learning Disabilities , Learning , Mass Screening , Parents , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Disease identity of dysmorphophobia and olfactory reference syndrome which used to be manifested by a kind of monosymptomatic somatic delusion is not yet established definitely. So many issues such as whether it be regarded as separate disease, or a spectrum of preexisting diseases such as schizophrenia or obsessive compulsive disorder and whether the monosymptom should be considered as a delusion or not are still on debate and the results are controversial. Consequently few is known about the etiology of the disorder.Obvioulsy, somatic delusion in dysmorphophobia and olfactory reference syndrome is the result of cognitive distortion of body image of the self. It reflects symbolic meaning of unresolved psychological conflict by defense mechanisms such as repression, dissociation, symbolization, projection, and so on. Though psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment modality has been reported, the treatment efficacy is unclear. Prognosis has been reported unfavorable and one of the leading causes has been thought to be treatment noncompliance. The authors experienced 2 cases of olfactory reference syndrome, so reported with literature review.
Subject(s)
Body Image , Defense Mechanisms , Delusions , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder , Preexisting Condition Coverage , Prognosis , Repression, Psychology , Schizophrenia , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Risperidone is a potent antipsychotic agent, used in the management of the manifestations of schizophrenia. And it has recently become one of the most popular antipsychotics. We experienced one case of ventricular premature complexes that occurred during the risperidone treatment in a 53-year-old female patient with schizophrenia. Abrupt aggravation of the cardiac arrhythmia and the associated symptoms suggest the possibility that the use of risperidone might have called them. Although other possibilities exist, risperidone cannot be ruled out as the cause of the patient's cardiac adverse effect.