Predictive Factors for Occult Contralateral Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Patients with Ipsilateral Multifocality on Frozen Biopsy / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) frequently occurs as multifocal and bilateral tumors. However, multifocality and bilaterality are not easy to detect preoperatively and contralateral remnant tumor might lead to reoperation after hemithyroidectomy. We aimed to demonstrate the frequency of bilaterality and predictive factors for occult contralateral PTC when a frozen biopsy of hemithyroidectomy shows multifocal PTCs in one of the lobes. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: One hundred and thirty patients with PTC were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent hemithyroidectomy and frozen biopsy, followed by total thyroidectomy because of ipsilateral multifocality. Medical records, pathologic results, and preoperative ultrasound results were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups depending on bilaterality (unilateral or bilateral). RESULTS: Bilaterality was detected in 74 of 130 patients (56.9%). Bilateral group showed more number of carcinomas (3.9±1.4 vs. 2.3±0.9) and more tendency of existence of contralateral nodule (87.8% vs. 55.3%). Tumor size of 1 cm or more and contralateral nodules were significant predictive factors for the existence of occult contralateral PTC. The suspicious sonographic feature of contralateral nodule had 75.7% sensitivity and 75% specificity for detecting bilaterality. CONCLUSION: The incidence of bilateral PTC is high in patients with ipsilateral multiple tumors. When the frozen biopsy result shows multifocality in one of the lobes, the remnant tumor may lead to reoperation under recent guidelines on thyroid surgical extent. Characteristics of contralateral nodule can help physicians and patients to make the decision regarding surgical extent.

Elevated Serotonin-immunoreactive Neurons in the Raphe Nucleus of the Ataxic Mutant Mouse, Pogo / 대한해부학회지

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive neruons in the raphe nucleus of the ataxic pogo (pogo/pogo) mice derived from a Korean wild mice. Using by immunohistochemistry, we undertook to elucidate any correlation between the serotonin expression and behavior ataxia including abnormal hindlimb extension in the ataxic pogo mice. The present study has two important findings. First, serotonin immunoreactivity was increased in the raphe nucleus of the ataxic pogo mice. Second, serotonin immunoreactivity was different with the region of raphe nucleus. In the dorsal part of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRD), ventrolateral part of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRVL) and median raphe nucleus (MR), serotonin immunoreactivity was increased, whereas the ventral part of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRV) and interfascicular part of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRI) was similar with the control mice. Therefore, elevated expression of the serotonin in the raphe nucleus of ataxic pogo mice might be a source of behavior ataxia and may be related with the induction of the ataxic phenotype including abnormal hindlimb movements.

Distribution of Calretinin-immunoreactive Unipolar Brush Cells in Ataxic Mutant Pogo Mice Cerebellum / 대한해부학회지

Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are a class of putative interneurons found in the granular layer of mammalian cerebellum and dorsal cochlear nucleus. The unipolar brush cells (UBCs), as with granular cells, which receives afferent synaptic input from extrinsic mossy fiber and whose axons branch in the granular layer and establish a system of cortex-intrinsic mossy fibers, which synapse with granule cells and other UBCs. In general, UBCs have been identified most readily by their expression of the calcium-binding protein, calretinin. The purpose of this study was to provide information about UBCs distributions of the new ataxic animal model, pogo mouse cerebellum using anti-calretinin immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and its effect on calcium homeostasis. Through the examination of calretinin immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, we observed that many calretinin immunoreactive UBCs were distributed widely throughout the lobules IX and X of the granular layer of both group. But, we found the number of calretinin immunoreactive UBCs of ataxic pogo (pogo/pogo) mouse was decreased and distribution pattern was altered, compared to control mouse. This result also suggest that reduced calretinin expression may effect on cerebellar Ca2+/-homeostasis, and it may in turn, explain the impaired motor coordination found in the ataxic pogo mice.

Effects of Naltrexone on the Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression in the Hypothalamic Areas in Rats with Chronic Ingestion of 5% Ethanol / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of nonselective opioid antagonist naltrexone on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in variable areas of hypothalamus in rats with chronic ingestion of 5% ethanol using immunohistochemical measures. METHODS: To induce polydipsia with 5% ethanol, Spraque-Dawley rats were placed in automatic cage where a pellet dispenser automatically dispensed 90 mg pellets at fixed time 60 seconds (FT 60s) feeding schedule over 150-minute test session. After 4 weeks of daily exposure to the FT 60s feeding schedule, experimental rats were administered naltrexone (0.25 mg/kg, i.p), vehicle (1 cc/kg, i.p) for 3 weeks. After completing the 3 weeks of naltrexone and vehicle injections, the polydipsic rats were sacrificed. The brains were removed and postfixed in the same overnight fixation, then frozen sections of 40microM thickness were made in the coronal plane. Sections were stained for detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (H) according to the immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: 1) Both experimental animals with schedule-induced polydipsia (IP) and the bolus with 5% ethanol control showed significant increase in the amounts of 5% ethanol ingestion as compared with their baseline. The naltrexone treated group showed significant decrease in the amount of 5% ethanol ingestion at 2nd and 3rd week as compared with their baseline. Meanwhile, the vehicle control showed no changes in the amount of 5% ethanol ingestion for 3 weeks as compared with their baseline. 2) There was diffused and definite decreases in the TH immunoreactive cells in the bolus control with chronic ingestion of 5% ethanol. The SIP with water group showed marked increase in TH immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus and the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus. The SIP with 5% ethanol group showed definite decrease of TH immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus and the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus. The naltrexone treated group showed significant increase of TH immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus but no changes in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the fixed time feeding procedure for schedule induced polydipsia as an animal model of alcoholism was not suitable. The author identified that naltrexone has suppressed the ingestion of ethanol. The chronic ingestion of 5% ethanol suppress the TH immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus and the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Naltrexone increases the TH immunoreactive cells which was suppressed by chronic ingestion of 5% ethanol in the paraventricular nucleus.

Effects of Risperidone on the Schedule-Induced Polydipsia in Rats / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of risperidone on the schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) which is one of animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder in rats. We administered risperidone as a serotonin and dopamine blocking agent, fluoxetine as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and haloperidol as a dopamine antagonist to rats which showed schedule-induced polydipsic behaviour. METHODS: Sprage-Dawley rats weighing 200 - 250gm were individually housed and main-tained and allowed free access to water. The rats were placed on a restricted diet. To induce polydipsia, rats were placed in the cage where a pellet dispenser automatically dispensed 90mg pellets on a fixed-time 60 seconds (FT 60s) feeding schedule over 150 minute test session per day. Water was available at all times in the cage. After 4 weeks of daily exposure to the FT 60s feeding schedule, experimental rats met a predetermined criterion for polydipsic behavior (greater than 3 times of water per session on average). 5 groups of rats were administered risperidone (0.1mg/kg, i.p), risperidone (0.5mg/kg, i.p), fluoxetine (5mg/kg, i.p.), haloperidol (0.1mg/kg, i.p.), and vehicle (1cc/kg, i.p. ) for 3 weeks. The rats were tested once a week to access schedule induced polydipsic behavior. Water bottles were weighed before and after the 150-minute test session. The chronic effects of administration of experimental drugs on schedule induced polydipsic behavior were analyzed with ANOVA and Scheffe test as a posthoc comparison. In order to measure water consumption in non-polydipsic food-deprived rats, a separate group of rats (N=8) was individually housed and given a single bolus (14.5gm) of food per day which maintained them at their average body weight. RESULTS: The results were as follows; 1) After 4 weeks of scheduled feeding procedure, the experimental group showed significant differences than the bolus control in the amount of water consumption as compared with their average water intakes for 4 weeks. At the same periods, there were no differences between the experimental group and the bolus control in the body weight. 2) The fluoxetine group showed significant decrease in the amount of water intake at 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks of drug treatment as compared with their average amount of polydipsic water intakes. The risperidone 0.1mg group and the risperidone 0.5mg group showed significant decrease in the amount of water intake at the 3rd weeks of drug treatment as compared with their baseline of polydipsic water intakes. However, the haloperidol group and the vehicle control group showed no changes of amounts of water intake for 3 weeks of treatment as compared with their baseline of polydipsic water intakes. 3) The fluoxetine group (22.5+/-10.4ml) showed significantly lower amounts of water intake than haloperidol group (41.3+/-7.1ml) at 2nd weeks of drug treatment. And also the fluoxetine group (18.8+/-3.5ml) showed significantly lower amounts of water intake than the haloperidol group (35.0+/-11.7ml) and the vehicle control (34.4+/-6.8ml) at 3rd weeks of drug treatment. The risperidone 0.1mg group and the risperidone 0.5mg group showed significantly lower amounts of water intake than the haloperidol group (35.0+/-11.7ml) at 2nd weeks and the vehicle control (37.5+/-12.5 , 34.4+/-6.8ml) at 2nd and 3rd weeks of drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Above findings suggest that the fixed time feeding procedure for schedule induced polydipsia could be applied as an effective animal model of obsessive compulsive disorder for the evaluation of pharmacological challenge study. We confirmed that chronic treatment with risperidone revealed antipolydipsic effect as effective as fluoxetine on the schedule-induced polydipsic behaviour but the onset of effect was later than fluoxetine.

Effects of Olanzapine on the Schedule-Induced polydipsic Rats

OBJECT: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of olanzapine on the schedule-induced polydipsia(SIP) which is one of animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder in rats. We administered olanzapine as a serotonin and dopamine blocking agent, fluoxetine as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and haloperidol for the dopamine antagonist to rats which showed schedule-induced polydipsic behavior. METHODS: Spraque-Dawley rats weighing 200-250gm were individually housed and maintained and allowed free access to water. The rats were placed on a restricted diet. To induce polydipsia, rats were placed in the cage where a pellet dispenser automatically dispensed 90mg pellets on a fixed-time 60 seconds(FT-60s) feeding schedule over 150 minute test session per day. Water was available at all times in the cage. After 4 weeks of daily exposure to the FT 60s feeding schedule, experimental rats met a predetermined criterion for polydipsic behavior(greater than 3 times of water per session on average). 5 groups of rats were administered olanzapine(3mg/kg, i.p), olanzapine(10mg/kg, i.p), fluoxetine(5mg/kg, i.p.), haloperidol(0.1mg/kg, i.o), and vehicle(1cc/kg, i.p) for 3 weeks. The rats were tested once a week to access schedule induced polydipsic behavior. Water bottles were weighted before and after the 150-minute test session. The chronic effects of administration of experimental drugs on schedule induced polydipsic behavior were analyzed with ANOVA and Scheffe test as a post-hoc comparison. In order to measure water consumption in non-polydipsic food-deprived rats, a separate group of rats(N=8) were individually housed and given a single bolus(14.5gm) of food per day which maintained them at their average body weight. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There results were as follows : 1) After 4 weeks of scheduled feeding procedure, the experimental group showed significant differences than the bolus control in the amount of water consumption as compared with their average water intakes for 4 weeks. At the same periods, there were no differences between the experimental group and the bolus control in the body weight. 2) The fluoxetine group showed significant decrease in the amount of water intake over the 3 weeks of drug treatment as compared with their average amount of polydipsic water intakes. The olanzapine 3mg group showed significant decrease in the amount of water intake at 3rd weeks of drug treatment as compared with their average amount of polydipsic water intakes. The olanzapine 10mg group showed significant decrease in the amount of water intake at 2nd and 3rd weeks of drug treatment as compared with their average amount of polydipsic water intakes. However, the haloperidol group and the vehicle control group showed no changes of amounts of water intake for 3 weeks of treatment as compared with their average amount of polydipsic water intakes. 3) The fluoxetine group showed significantly lower amounts of water intake than the haloperidol group at 2nd weeks of drug treatment. And also the fluoxetine group showed significantly lower amounts of water intake than the haloperidol group and the vehicle control at 3rd weeks of drug treatment. The olanzapine 3mg group and the olanzapine 10mg group showed significantly lower amounts of water intake than the haloperidol group and the vehicle control at 3rd weeks of drug treatment. Above findings suggest that the fixed time feeding procedure for schedule-induced polydipsia as an animal model of obsessive compulsive disorder was effective to the evaluation of pharmacological challenge study. The authors assume that the serotonin hypothesis and the serotonin-dopamine interaction hypothesis are preferred to the dopamine hypothesis in the biological etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder.