Neonatal Atrial Flutter: Clinical Characteristics of 14 Cases in a Single Center

Purpose@#Atrial flutter is an uncommon arrhythmia in the neonatal period. This study aimed to describe the cause and clinical course of atrial flutter in neonates. @*Methods@#The medical records of 14 patients diagnosed with atrial flutter at Ulsan University Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) between March 2008 and August 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. @*Results@#All 14 cases occurred on the first day of birth. Of these, two were term infants, and 12 were preterm infants. Causes of atrial flutter included three cases of the umbilical venous catheter misplacement, one with a diabetic mother, and one ivolving atrial flutter after an intravenous aminophylline injection. Thirteen patients had structurally normal hearts with no congenital heart diseases. The patient, born to a diabetic mother, had an atrial septal defect and ventricular hypertrophy. Adenosine was administered first to differentiate it from paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Synchronized cardioversion was attempted in 11 patients, while one received it after an esmolol injection that failed to convert to sinus rhythm. One patient had a recurrence after the intrusion of a peripherally inserted central catheter; however, atrial flutter disappeared after repositioning it. No patient had a recurrence after discharge. @*Conclusion@#Neonatal atrial flutter is a rare tachyarrhythmia with the risk factors often unknown; however, it could occur in structural heart disease, mispositioning of the umbilical venous catheter, and if the mother has diabetes. During umbilical venous catheterization, clinicians should be cautious and ensure appropriate monitoring of infants in the NICU as it may cause complications.

Clinical Significance of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin Site Reaction in Kawasaki Disease Patients Aged Less than 18 Months

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) site reaction in terms of diagnosis and outcome prediction in young children with Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS: The incidence of BCG site reaction in the respective age ranges was investigated in 1,058 patients who were admitted at Asan Medical Center between January 2006 and February 2017. The 416 patients under 18 months of age were enrolled as subjects for the analysis of the association between BCG site reaction and other laboratory and clinical findings. The analysis was performed separately in complete and incomplete KD groups. RESULTS: The incidence rate of BCG site reaction was peaked at 6–12 months (83%) and decreased with increasing age after 12 months in 1,058 patients (P < 0.001). The incidence rate was above 70% in KD aged less than 18 months and more frequent than those of cervical lymphadenopathy. The logistic regression analyses showed that the principal clinical findings including conjunctivitis (P=0.781), red lips/oral mucosa (P=0.963), rash (P=0.510), cervical lymphadenopathy (P=0.363), changes in extremities (P=0.283) and the coronary artery aneurysm (P=0.776) were not associated with the BCG site reaction. CONCLUSIONS: The BCG site reaction could be a useful diagnostic tool independent to principal clinical findings in KD developing in children aged < 18 months, who underwent BCG vaccination. Outcome of KD patients was not different between groups with or without the BCG site reaction in both complete KD and incomplete KD.

Prenatal diagnosis of isolated coronary arteriovenous fistula

Coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAVF) is a rare condition defined as an anomalous termination of the coronary arteries. The etiology of CAVF is either congenital or acquired, and iatrogenic CAVF is most commonly caused by cardiovascular surgery or percutaneous intervention. Most of the prenatally diagnosed CAVFs were related to complex heart disease, and only few cases of an isolated CAVF have been reported to date. We successfully diagnosed an isolated CAVF by fetal echocardiography at 25.3 weeks of gestation. Accurate prenatal diagnosis resulted in the prompt decision for postnatal surgical correction, and the neonate thrived well without any complications.

Management of Coronary Sinus Ostial Atresia during a Staged Operation of a Functional Single Ventricle

Coronary sinus ostial atresia (CSOA) with persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) in the absence of an unroofed coronary sinus is a benign and rare anomaly that may be taken lightly in most instances. However, if overlooked in patients undergoing univentricular heart repair such as bidirectional Glenn or Fontan-type surgery, fatal surgical outcomes may occur due to coronary venous drainage failure. We report a case of CSOA with a persistent LSVC that was managed through coronary sinus rerouting during a total cavopulmonary connection, and provide a review of the literature regarding this rare anomaly.

A comparative study of established z score models for coronary artery diameters in 181 healthy Korean children / 소아과

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the statistical properties of four previously developed pediatric coronary artery z score models in healthy Korean children. METHODS: The study subjects were 181 healthy Korean children, whose age ranged from 1 month to 15 years. The diameter of each coronary artery was measured using 2-dimensional echocardiography and converted to the z score in the four models (McCrindle, Olivieri, Dallaire, and Japanese model). Descriptive statistical analyses and 1-sample t tests were performed. RESULTS: All calculated z scores had P values of ≥0.050 using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The one sample t test showed that the mean z scores did not converge to zero except in 1 model, and the mean right coronary artery (RCA) z score was less than zero in all 4 models. The smaller RCA diameter in this study could be associated with the more distal measuring point used to avoid the conal branch. The percentage of subjects with extreme z score values (≥2.0 and ≥2.5) for the left main coronary artery (LMCA) seems to be higher in the Dallaire (4.9% and 3.3%) and Japanese models (7.1% and 3.8%). CONCLUSION: All 4 models showed statistical feasibility of normal distribution. More precise instructions would be needed for the measurement of the RCA. The higher percentage of extreme z scores for the LMCA is compatible with the basic understanding of anatomic variation in the LMCA.

Fontan Revision with Y-Graft in a Patient with Unilateral Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation

The extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure is the last surgical step in the treatment of patients with a functional single ventricle. An acquired pulmonary arteriovenous malformation may appear perioperatively or postoperatively due to an uneven hepatic flow distribution. Here we report a case of a bifurcated Y-graft Fontan operation in a 15-year-old male patient with a unilateral pulmonary arteriovenous malformation after an extracardiac conduit Fontan operation.

Prediction of unresponsiveness to second intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in patients with Kawasaki disease refractory to initial treatment / 소아과

PURPOSE: This study investigated predictors of unresponsiveness to second-line intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment for Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS: This was a single-center analysis of the medical records of 588 patients with KD who had been admitted to Asan Medical Center between 2006 and 2014. Related clinical and laboratory data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Eighty (13.6%) of the 588 patients with KD were unresponsive to the initial IVIG treatment and received a second dose. For these 80 patients, univariate analysis of the laboratory results obtained before administering the second-line IVIG treatment showed that white blood cell count, neutrophil percent, hemoglobin level, platelet count, serum protein level, albumin level, potassium level, and C-reactive protein level were significant predictors. The addition of methyl prednisolone to the second-line regimen was not associated with treatment response (odds ratio [OR], 0.871; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.216–3.512; P=0.846). Multivariate analysis revealed serum protein level to be the only predictor of unresponsiveness to the second-line treatment (OR, 0.160; 95% CI, 0.028–0.911; P=0.039). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine predictors of unresponsiveness to the second dose of IVIG showed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 72% at a serum protein cutoff level of <7.15 g/dL. CONCLUSION: The serum protein level of the patient prior to the second dose of IVIG is a significant predictor of unresponsiveness. The addition of methyl prednisolone to the second-line regimen produces no treatment benefit.

Diagnostic characteristics of supplemental laboratory criteria for incomplete Kawasaki disease in children with complete Kawasaki disease / 소아과

PURPOSE: In 2004, the American Heart Association (AHA) had published an algorithm for the diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease (KD). The aim of the present study was to investigate characteristics of supplemental laboratory criteria in this algorithm. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the medical records of 355 patients with KD who were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) during the acute phase of the disease. Laboratory data were obtained before the initial IVIG administration and up to 10 days after fever onset. In 106 patients, laboratory testing was performed more than twice. RESULTS: The AHA supplemental laboratory criteria were fulfilled in 90 patients (25.4%), and the frequency of laboratory examination (odds ratio [OR], 1.981; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.391-2.821; P<0.001) was a significant predictor of it. The fulfillment of AHA supplemental laboratory criteria was significantly associated with refractoriness to the initial IVIG administration (OR, 2.388; 95% CI, 1.182-4.826; P=0.013) and dilatation of coronary arteries (OR, 2.776; 95% CI, 1.519-5.074; P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Repeated laboratory testing increased the rate of fulfillment of the AHA supplemental laboratory criteria in children with KD.

Erratum to: Small Left Atrial Size Complicating Percutaneous Transcatheter Device Closure of Secundum Atrial Septal Defect with Conventional Approach

In this article, on page 218, Fig. 2B and D have errors.

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Infant with Dilated Cardiomyopathy during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator

Although heart transplantation is a final therapeutic option in pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP), the shortage of pediatric heart donors is a major obstacle. In adults with DCMP characterized by cardiac dyssynchrony, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is known to be an effective treatment option. However, there is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of CRT in infants with DCMP. Several studies have reported improvement in hemodynamics and cardiac performance following CRT in infants with DCMP. Here, we report CRT in an infant with DCMP during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with 5 months of follow-up.

Small Left Atrial Size Complicating Percutaneous Transcatheter Device Closure of Secundum Atrial Septal Defect with Conventional Approach

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transcatheter device closure becomes the first option for treating secundum atrial septal defect (ASD), but the conventional method is sometimes unsuccessful even when the defect size indicates the closure to be feasible. To increase the success rate, modified methods have been introduced and used. This study aimed to find predictors for using the modified methods in the device closure of secundum ASDs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between October 2010 and December 2012, 92 patients with ASDs underwent the transcatheter device closure. We analyzed the sizes of the defect, the surrounding rims, and the ratios of the left atrium (LA) dimensions to the device size in the patients who underwent the procedure either using the conventional or modified methods. RESULTS: Among the 88 successful cases (95.7%), 22 patients (25%) required modified methods (12 using pulmonary vein and 10 using balloon). The modified method group had the larger size of ASDs and smaller posterosuperior rim. The mean ratios of the LA anteroposterior diameter, width, and length to the device size were all significantly smaller in the modified methods group than in the conventional group (1.20 vs. 1.56, 1.32 vs. 1.71, and 1.61 vs. 2.07, respectively). We found that the risk factors for the modified methods were smaller retroaortic rim, larger ASD, and smaller LA dimension/device size. CONCLUSION: In addition to larger defects and smaller retroaortic rim, the smaller ratios of the LA dimensions to the device size influenced the need for the application of modified methods in the transcatheter device closure of ASDs.

Segmental Analysis of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Deformation in Children before and after Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defect

BACKGROUND: The aim of study is to identify the dependence of right ventricular (RV) free wall longitudinal deformation on ventricular loading through segmental approach in relatively large number of patients with atrial septal defect (ASD). METHODS: Patients with ASD (n = 114) and age matched healthy children (n = 60) were echocardiographically examined the day before percutaneous device closure and within 24 hours afterwards. RV free wall deformation parameters, strain (small je, Ukrainian) and strain rate (SR), were analyzed in the apical (small je, Ukrainian(A), SR(A)) and basal (small je, Ukrainian(B), SR(B)) segments. Measured deformation parameters were adjusted for RV size (small je, Ukrainian(AL), SR(AL), small je, Ukrainian(BL), SR(BL)) by multiplying by body surface area indexed RV longitudinal dimension. Regression analyses determined the relationships of these deformation parameters with RV loading parameters that were measured by catheterization. RESULTS: small je, Ukrainian(BL) and SR(BL) were not different between pre-closure patients and controls (p = 0.245, p = 0.866), and were decreased post-closure (p = 0.001, p = 0.018). Post-closure small je, Ukrainian(BL) was lower than in controls (p = 0.001). Pre-closure small je, Ukrainian(AL) and SR(AL) were higher than in controls (p = 0.001, p < 0.001), but decreased after closure (all p < 0.001). The pulmonary to systemic flow ratio was related to procedural differences of small je, Ukrainian(BL) (p = 0.017) and of SR(BL) (p = 0.019). RV end diastolic pressure was negatively related to post-closure small je, Ukrainian(BL) (p = 0.020) and post-closure SR(BL) (p = 0.012), and the procedural SR(BL) difference (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: The longitudinal deformation of the RV basal segment is dependent and its remodeling is also dependent on volume loading in children with ASD.

Pulmonary hypertension due to obstructive sleep apnea in a child with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome / 소아과

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is characterized by peculiar facies, mental retardation, broad thumbs, and great toes. Approximately one-third of the affected individuals have a variety of congenital heart diseases. They can also have upper airway obstruction during sleep, due to hypotonia and the anatomy of the oropharynx and airway, which make these patients susceptible to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In our case, pulmonary hypertension was caused, successively, by congenital heart defects (a large patent ductus arteriosus and arch hypoplasia) and obstructive sleep apnea during early infancy. The congenital heart defects were surgically corrected, but persistent pulmonary hypertension was identified 2 months after the operation. This pulmonary hypertension was due to OSA, and it was relieved by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. This case is the first report of pulmonary hypertension from OSA in a young infant with RTS.

Pulmonary hypertension due to obstructive sleep apnea in a child with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome / 소아과

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is characterized by peculiar facies, mental retardation, broad thumbs, and great toes. Approximately one-third of the affected individuals have a variety of congenital heart diseases. They can also have upper airway obstruction during sleep, due to hypotonia and the anatomy of the oropharynx and airway, which make these patients susceptible to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In our case, pulmonary hypertension was caused, successively, by congenital heart defects (a large patent ductus arteriosus and arch hypoplasia) and obstructive sleep apnea during early infancy. The congenital heart defects were surgically corrected, but persistent pulmonary hypertension was identified 2 months after the operation. This pulmonary hypertension was due to OSA, and it was relieved by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. This case is the first report of pulmonary hypertension from OSA in a young infant with RTS.

Effectiveness and Safety of Percutaneous Transcatheter Implantation of Pulmonary Arterial Stent in Congenital Heart Disease

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary arterial stenosis is a relatively common complication after corrective operation of congenital heart disease. Unilateral stenosis of pulmonary arteries could result in decrease perfusion of affected lung, pulmonary regurgitation, or elevation of right ventricular pressure. Eventually there are increasing risks of right ventricular failure, arrhythmia, or sudden death. However we have limited data of pulmonary arterial stent in paediatric population as the treatment of branch pulmonary stenosis. This study aimed at validating the effectiveness and investigating complications of pulmonary arterial stent implantation in a single institution during mid-term follow up period. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 42 patients (50 stents) were implanted for treating branch pulmonary arterial stenosis. We used cardiac catheterization for comparing diameter after stent implantation directly and lung perfusion scan indirectly. We also investigated any adverse effect relating the procedure. RESULTS: Percent stenosis of stenotic lesions were decreased from 54.1+/-10.7% to 22.8+/-12.5% (p<0.001) and degree of decrement in affected lung perfusion was declined from 22.7+/-8.0% to 10.3+/-9.0% (p<0.001) immediately and lasts during mid-term follow up period. Complication rate relating the procedure was 12% (6 out of 12) and there was no mortality case. CONCLUSION: This series showed immediate and short term effectiveness of pulmonary arterial stent in congenital heart defects. We concluded that percutaneous transcatheter implantation of pulmonary arterial stent was safe and effective during short and mid-term follow up period.

Diagnosis of Incomplete Kawasaki Disease in Infants Based on an Inflammation at the Bacille Calmette-Guerin Inoculation Site

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study was intended to test how the inflammation at the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) inoculation site (BCGitis) can be a useful a diagnostic feature of Kawasaki disease (KD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All subjects were infants at the time of admission, and had received BCG vaccination during their neonatal period. There were 54 patients with complete KD (group 1) and 29 patients with incomplete KD (group 2). All 83 patients had BCGitis during the acute phase of illness. Data regarding the coronary artery diameters in 31 age-matched controls were used for comparison. RESULTS: The 2 patient groups did not differ in clinical and laboratory variables. During the acute phase, the median z scores of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) diameter were 0.20, 0.42, and -0.48 in groups 1, 2, and control respectively, and that of right coronary artery (RCA) diameters were -0.15, -0.16, and -1.17 respectively. The z scores in both patient groups were greater than those in controls (p=0.0014 in LAD and p<0.0001 in RCA between group 1 and controls; p=0.0023 in LAD and p<0.0001 in RCA between group 2 and controls). A similar pattern was observed during the subacute and convalescent phases. CONCLUSION: BCGitis is a useful feature in the diagnosis of incomplete KD in infants who received BCG vaccine during neonatal period.

Detection rate and clinical impact of respiratory viruses in children with Kawasaki disease / 소아과

PURPOSE: The purpose of this prospective case-control study was to survey the detection rate of respiratory viruses in children with Kawasaki disease (KD) by using multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and to investigate the clinical implications of the prevalence of respiratory viruses during the acute phase of KD. METHODS: RT-PCR assays were carried out to screen for the presence of respiratory syncytial virus A and B, adenovirus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza viruses 1 to 4, influenza virus A and B, metapneumovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus OC43/229E and NL63, and enterovirus in nasopharyngeal secretions of 55 KD patients and 78 control subjects. RESULTS: Virus detection rates in KD patients and control subjects were 32.7% and 30.8%, respectively (P=0.811). However, there was no significant association between the presence of any of the 15 viruses and the incidence of KD. Comparisons between the 18 patients with positive RT-PCR results and the other 37 KD patients revealed no significant differences in terms of clinical findings (including the prevalence of incomplete presentation of the disease) and coronary artery diameter. CONCLUSION: A positive RT-PCR for currently epidemic respiratory viruses should not be used as an evidence against the diagnosis of KD. These viruses were not associated with the incomplete presentation of KD and coronary artery dilatation.

Log-transformed plasma level of brain natriuretic peptide during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease is quantitatively associated with myocardial dysfunction / 소아과

PURPOSE: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been considered a biochemical marker for myocarditis in Kawasaki disease. We performed this study to determine its quantitative significance. METHODS: We attempted to correlate log-transformed BNP concentrations (log-BNP) and clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables in 81 children with Kawasaki disease. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the variables independently associated with log-BNP concentration. RESULTS: Serum C-reactive protein level (P<0.0001), serum alanine aminotransferase concentration (P=0.0032), white blood cell count (P=0.0030), and left ventricular mass index (P=0.0024) were positively related with log-BNP, and hemoglobin level (P<0.0001), serum albumin level (P<0.0001), Na+ concentrations (P<0.0001), left ventricular fractional shortening (P=0.0080), and peak early diastolic tissue velocity of the left ventricular basal lateral segment (P=0.0045) were negatively related to the log-BNP concentration. Multiple regression analysis showed that serum albumin concentration (R2=0.31, P=0.0098) and left ventricular mass index (R2=0.09, P=0.0004) were significantly associated with the log-BNP concentration. CONCLUSION: Elevated BNP levels during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease may be attributable to cardiac dysfunction associated with the increase in left ventricular mass, and log-BNP concentration may be a quantitative biochemical marker of myocarditis in Kawasaki disease.

Modified Damus-Kaye-Stansel/Dor Procedure for a Newborn With Severe Left Ventricular Aneurysm

Congenital left ventricular aneurysm (CVA) is a rare cardiac malformation. The prognosis is variable, depending on such factors as the size in comparison to the ventricular cavity, signs of heart failure, arrhythmia and so on. Most infants and young children with large aneurysm showed poor clinical outcomes. Here, we report the case of patient who was prenatally diagnosed with a large CVA, who had severe left ventricular dysfunction at 21 weeks' gestation for which she successfully underwent a modified Damus-Kaye-Stansel/Dor procedure.

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Stenting in a Low Birth Weight Infant Born With Tetralogy of Fallot and Prostaglandin E1 Dependency

Surgical skill and strategy for the correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have improved and resulted in satisfactory outcomes. However, prematurity and low birth weight continue to remain risk factors for poor outcomes. We present a case of a 2,150 g neonate born with TOF, in whom palliation was achieved with right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) stenting. Seventy-seven days after the procedure, stenosis of RVOT below the stent was identified. At that time his body weight was 4.9 kg and total corrective surgery was deemed feasible. Eight months following surgical repair, the patient remained well without medical intervention. RVOT stenting may be a viable interim procedure while waiting for a low birth weight neonate born with TOF and prostaglandin E1 dependency to reach optimal weight to undergo corrective surgery.