Histomorphological spectrum of Phyllodes Tumours: A Restrospective Study

Introduction: Phyllodes tumours are rare fibroepithelial lesions of breast. Clinical examina?on, ultrasound, cytology and histopathology are the mainstay of the diagnosis. The present research was undertaken with the aim of studying the clinicopathological features of Phyllodes tumour reported in the past seven years in a Delhi government hospital. Method: A retrospec?ve study of phyllodes tumour was carried out in females from 225 diagnosed cases of breast lesion reported in the pathology department of a government hospital in Delhi during the period of January 2013 to December2019. All the relevant history, findings of clinical examina?on and inves?ga?ons performed were assessed from files of the pa?ent. Results: Out of 225 cases of breast lesions reported in the pathology department 8 tumours were reported as phyllodes in the study period. The most common affected age group was 41- 50yrs. 5 (62.5 %) of 8 tumours were benign,2 (25) %) were borderline and only 1 was malignant. The tumour size was 15mm to 200mm. All the 8 cases (100%) presented with breast lump; 3 cases (30%) complained of pain in the lump. 2 cases developed ulcera?on and Peau D’ orange and in 1 case typical nipple retrac?on was seen. FNAC was done in 5 pa?ents. No preopera?ve inves?ga?ons were done in 2cases. Conclusion: Phyllodes tumour is a rare neoplasm of the breast. Histopathology plays an important role in differen?a?ng it from fibroadenoma. Strict histologic assessment is definitely required for the diagnosis of the PT and for its treatment and management

Upper limb arterial pattern: clinical correlation and embryological perspective / Padrão arterial dos membros superiores: correlação clínica com perspectiva embriológica

Abstract Background Variations in the upper limb arterial pattern are commonplace and necessitate complete familiarity for successful surgical and interventional procedures. Variance in the vascular tree may involve any part of the axis artery of the upper limb, including the axillary artery and brachial artery or its branches, in the form of radial and ulnar arteries, which eventually supply the hand via anastomosing arches. Objectives To study the peculiarities of the arterial pattern of the upper limb and to correlate them with embryological development. Methods The entire arterial branching of forty-two upper limbs of formalin fixed adult human cadavers was examined during routine dissection for educational purposes, conducted over a 3-year period in the Department of Anatomy, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi. Results The study found: 1) One case in which a common trunk arose from the third part of the axillary artery, which immediately splayed into four branches (2.4%); 2) High division of the brachial artery into ulnar and radial arteries, in 3 cases (7.1%); 3) Pentafurcation of the brachial artery into ulnar, interosseus, radial, and radial recurrent arteries and a muscular twig to the brachioradialis in 1/42 cases (2.4%); 4) Incomplete Superficial Palmar arch in 3/42 cases (7.1%); and 5) Presence of a median artery in 2/42 case(4.8%) Conclusions This study observed and described the varied arterial patterns of the upper limb and identified the various anomalous patterns, supplementing the surgeon's armamentarium in various surgical procedures, thereby helping to prevent complications or failures of reconstructive surgeries, bypass angiography, and many similar procedures.

Resumo Contexto As variações no padrão arterial dos membros superiores são comuns e, assim, necessitam de total familiaridade para que os procedimentos cirúrgicos e de intervenção sejam bem-sucedidos. A variância na árvore vascular pode envolver qualquer parte da artéria axial dos membros superiores, incluindo a artéria axilar, a artéria braquial ou os seus ramos, na forma das artérias radial e ulnar, as quais, em algum momento, suprem as mãos através dos arcos anastomosados. Objetivos Avaliar as peculiaridades do padrão arterial dos membros superiores e correlacioná-las ao desenvolvimento embriológico. Métodos Foram examinados os ramos arteriais completos de 42 membros superiores de cadáveres adultos conservados em formalina, os quais eram rotineiramente dissecados para fins educacionais durante 3 anos no Departamento de Anatomia Lady Hardinge Medical College, Nova Delhi. Resultados O estudo apresentou cinco desfechos. 1. Foi constatado um caso em que um tronco comum surgiu da terceira parte da artéria axilar que imediatamente se disseminou em quatro ramos (2,4%). 2. Houve divisão maior da artéria braquial em artérias ulnar e radial em três casos (7,1%). 3. Em um caso, ocorreu pentafurcação da artéria braquial em ulnar, interóssea, radial, radial recorrente e de um galho muscular em braquiorradial (2,4%). 4. Foi constatado arco palmar superficial incompleto em três dos 42 casos (7,1%). 5. Foi observada a presença da artéria mediana em 2 dos 42 casos (4,8%). Conclusões Este estudo compreende o padrão arterial do membro superior e identifica os diversos padrões anômalos para agregar ao arsenal terapêutico de cirurgiões para diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos, com o objetivo de combater quaisquer complicações ou falhas de cirurgias reconstrutivas, de angiografias de cirurgias de revascularização e muitas outras.

A Comparative Study of Body Mass Index, Body Weight and Waist to Height Ratio to Depict Serum Cholesterol Level in Healthy Young Individuals

Introduction: Many external and internal factors eitherdirectly or indirectly regulate our health. Similarly, manyparameters such as high glucose, high cholesterol, and highblood pressure are the indicators of our healthiness. BodyMass Index (BMI) and Waist to Height Ratio (WtHR) aresuch parameters which indicate the degree of healthiness of anindividual. Current study aimed at estimation and comparisonof the statistical relationships of BMI, body weight and WtHRwith serum cholesterol level in healthy Individuals of agegroup of 18-30.Material and methods: This study was done on total 54healthy persons (27 male and 27 females) of age group 18-30. The data of age, height weight and waist circumference ofall participants were collected. In their fasting blood samples,total serum cholesterol was measured by colorimetric kit.In this study statistical correlation was confirmed by threedifferent statistical methods.Results: Our statistical analysis suggested that BMI, bodyweight and WtHR are positively correlated with average totalserum cholesterol level with a significant p value (<0.05).Statistical correlation coefficient values further suggestedthat BMI could be a better predictor of cholesterol levelassociated diseases as compared to body weight and WtHR inhealthy individuals of age group 18-30. High BMI and Waistcircumference are indicators of overweight and/ obesity.Conclusion: These findings indicated that BMI could be abetter predictor of cholesterol level associated diseases ascompared to body weight and WtHR in healthy individuals ofage group 18-30.

Review Of MD (Anatomy) Exam Papers: Is The Present System Of Postgraduate Evaluation Adequate.

An ideal education system is in-separable from the evaluation system. There has always been a need for an evaluation system which can determine whether predetermined educational objectives have been achieved. As an exercise last 10 years annual MD question papers (anatomy) of university of Delhi were given to the residents and the Post graduate students of anatomy department, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi. The analysis of question papers reflected that the emphasis on different parts of the syllabi was not uniform. All the questions were of long and short essay type. Multiple choice questions that are based on recall and problem solving attitude of the students were not at all included. There is need to revise the pattern in which question are being asked that will develop cognitive skills and problem solving attitude among the students. An ideal question paper should give equal weight-age to different content areas/topics and it should include all analytical, objective, long and short answer type questions with an uniform marking scheme for all students. When it comes to medical education, evaluation becomes very important because here lays the responsibility of bringing out the best doctor amongst the best.

Morphological variations of Superior Mesenteric Artery: A cadaveric study.

Background: Anatomical knowledge of the variations of Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and its branches is important to minimize the complications and hence this article will be helpful for the clinicians planning surgery and intervention around the aforementioned vessels. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we studied the pattern of arrangement and distribution of the SMA in twenty cadavers in the gross anatomy dissection room in the department of anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi. Results and Discussion: On the basis of branching pattern of SMA, the cadavers were divided into three groups I, II, III. Group I consisted of the most usual pattern of arrangement of SMA, in 70% of cases (14 cadavers). In Group II i.e. in 25 % cases (5 cadavers) we observed a common trunk of ileocolic and right colic arteries. Group III consisted of the rarest variation in the branching pattern of SMA, where we got a common trunk of left colic artery with an accessory splenic artery arising from anterior aspect of SMA, instead of Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) which was seen in 5% cases (1 cadaver).Main splenic artery took origin from coeliac trunk as usual. Conclusions: These uncommon and rare variations in the branching pattern of arteries of the gut are clinically very important for surgeons and radiologists to prevent damage to these vessels which otherwise may lead to severe haemorrhage and other complications. In the present article we discuss about the morphology and development of the SMA along with its variations.

A case-control study of risk factors for coronary heart disease in urban Indian middle-aged males.

OBJECTIVE: There are few case-control studies on native Indians to explore the reasons for the growing prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians. The present study was undertaken to identify the conventional coronary risk factors in angiographically proven CHD cases by comparing their prevalence in age-and gender-matched healthy controls. METHODOLOGY: A hospital-based case-control study was performed on 197 middle-aged urban males (age 40-64 years) with angiographically proven CHD and 197 age (32 years) and gender-matched healthy controls in a tertiary cardiac care center of New Delhi. Prevalence of coronary risk factors with special emphasis on diet was determined by administration of a pre-tested questionnaire, physical examination, and biochemical estimation of blood lipids and glucose. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of risk factors with CHD and their population attributable risks (PAR) were calculated. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis showed that history of diabetes mellitus (OR 4.934, 95% CI 2.320-10.494), low education (OR 2.410, 95% CI 1.261-4.608), full cream milk consumption (OR 2.113 95% CI 1.176-3.798), and family history of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) (OR 1.810, 95% CI 1.064-3.079) were independent risk factors for CHD. High HDL-C (OR 1.055 95% CI 1.025-1.086) and fruit intake (OR 1.473, 95% CI 1.020-2.128) emerged as anti-risk factors. 44.1% of PAR was attributable to low HDL-C (.3%), low education status (6.6%), history of diabetes mellitus (6.0%), family history of premature CVD (4.4%), low fruit consumption (4.3%), tobacco abuse (4.2%), full cream milk consumption (3.6%) or milk intake (3.4%), high fasting blood glucose (2.3%), and history of hypertension (2.07 percent;). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional risk factors are not enough to explain the high prevalence of CHD among native Indians. While efforts must go on to reduce the risk attributable to them, the role of emerging risk factors should be investigated.