Circulation remodeling after flow diversion of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm: A case report

Anterior communicating artery aneurysms are the most common intracranial aneurysm and have a high risk of rupture which can lead to morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, intracranial aneurysms were treated by clipping with neurosurgical access. However, certain patients may prefer less invasive approaches or not represent open surgical candidates. Flow diverters, including flow-redirection endoluminal devices (FRED), are new-generation stents that are placed endovascularly by transfemoral or transradial access. Recent studies have demonstrated that FRED is both safe and effective, with complete occlusion of aneurysms in over 90% of patients. This case highlights an interesting phenomenon of post-flow diversion circulatory remodeling, where flow diverter treatment can alter the circle of Willis anatomy and physiology.

Novel TRPV4 Pathogenic Variant in Severe Metatropic Skeletal Dysplasia: A Case Report

@#We report an eight-year-old girl with a novel homozygous TRPV4 gene pathogenic variant c.2355G>T p. (Trp785Cys) with mesomelic shortening, odontoid hypoplasia, multiple joint contractures, thoracolumbar kyphosis, pectus carinatum, halberd pelvis, and dumb-bell shaped long bones. The novel variant caused a severe recessive form of metatropic dysplasia.

Surgical revascularization for Moyamoya disease in the United States: A cost-effectiveness analysis

Objective@#Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a vasculopathy of the internal carotid arteries with ischemic and hemorrhagic sequelae. Surgical revascularization confers upfront peri-procedural risk and costs in exchange for long-term protective benefit against hemorrhagic disease. The authors present a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of surgical versus non-surgical management of MMD. @*Methods@#A Markov Model was used to simulate a 41-year-old suffering a transient ischemic attack (TIA) secondary to MMD and now faced with operative versus nonoperative treatment options. Health utilities, costs, and outcome probabilities were obtained from the CEA registry and the published literature. The primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio which compared the quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs of surgical and nonsurgical treatments. Base-case, one-way sensitivity, two-way sensitivity, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed with a willingness to pay threshold of $50,000. @*Results@#The base case model yielded 3.81 QALYs with a cost of $99,500 for surgery, and 3.76 QALYs with a cost of $106,500 for nonsurgical management. One-way sensitivity analysis demonstrated the greatest sensitivity in assumptions to cost of surgery and cost of admission for hemorrhagic stroke, and probabilities of stroke with no surgery, stroke after surgery, poor surgical outcome, and death after surgery. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses demonstrated that surgical revascularization was the cost-effective strategy in over 87.4% of simulations. @*Conclusions@#Considering both direct and indirect costs and the postoperative QALY, surgery is considerably more cost-effective than non-surgical management for adults with MMD.

Prevalence of Postprostatectomy Incontinence Requiring Anti-incontinence Surgery After Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer: A Retrospective Population-Based Analysis / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Purpose@#This study aimed to examine the prevalence of surgery for postprostatectomy incontinence (PI) following minimally invasive surgery compared to conventional open surgery for prostate cancer. @*Methods@#This retrospective cohort study used the Florida State Ambulatory Surgery and State Inpatient Databases, 2008 to 2010, radical prostatectomy (RP) patients were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9/10 procedure codes and among this cohort, PI was identified also using ICD-9/10 codes. Surgical approaches included minimally invasive (robotic or laparoscopic) versus open (retropubic or perineal) RP. The primary outcome was the overall prevalence of surgery for PI. The secondary outcome was the association of PI requiring anti-incontinence surgery with the surgical approach for RP. @*Results@#Among the 13,535 patients initially included in the study (mean age, 63.3 years), 6,932 (51.2%) underwent open RP and 6,603 (49.8%) underwent minimally invasive RP. The overall prevalence of surgical procedures for PI during the observation period among the all patients who had received RP was 3.3%. The rate of PI surgery for patients receiving minimally invasive surgery was higher than that for patients receiving open surgery (4.8% vs. 3.0%; risk difference, 1.8%; 95% confidence interval, 0.3%–3.4%). The adjusted prevalence of PI surgery for patients who had undergone laparoscopic RP was higher than that for those with retropubic RP (8.6% vs. 3.7%). @*Conclusions@#Among patients undergoing RP for prostate cancer, the prevalence of PI surgery is not negligible. Patients undergoing minimally invasive RP had higher adjusted rates for PI surgery compared to open approaches, which was attributed to high rate of PI surgery following laparoscopic approach and low rate of PI surgery following perineal approach. More studies are needed to establish strategies to reduce the rate of PI surgery after RP.

Hyperinsulinemia in Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer

The relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and/or insulin action causes diabetes. However, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus can be associated with an absolute increase in circulating insulin, a state known as hyperinsulinemia. Studies are beginning to elucidate the cause-effect relationships between hyperinsulinemia and numerous consequences of metabolic dysfunctions. Here, we review recent evidence demonstrating that hyperinsulinemia may play a role in inflammation, aging and development of cancers. In this review, we will focus on the consequences and mechanisms of excess insulin production and action, placing recent findings that have challenged dogma in the context of the existing body of literature. Where relevant, we elaborate on the role of specific signal transduction components in the actions of insulin and consequences of chronic hyperinsulinemia. By discussing the involvement of hyperinsulinemia in various metabolic and other chronic diseases, we may identify more effective therapeutics or lifestyle interventions for preventing or treating obesity, diabetes and cancer. We also seek to identify pertinent questions that are ripe for future investigation.

Surgical revascularization for Moyamoya disease in the United States: A cost-effectiveness analysis

Objective@#Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a vasculopathy of the internal carotid arteries with ischemic and hemorrhagic sequelae. Surgical revascularization confers upfront peri-procedural risk and costs in exchange for long-term protective benefit against hemorrhagic disease. The authors present a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of surgical versus non-surgical management of MMD. @*Methods@#A Markov Model was used to simulate a 41-year-old suffering a transient ischemic attack (TIA) secondary to MMD and now faced with operative versus nonoperative treatment options. Health utilities, costs, and outcome probabilities were obtained from the CEA registry and the published literature. The primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio which compared the quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs of surgical and nonsurgical treatments. Base-case, one-way sensitivity, two-way sensitivity, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed with a willingness to pay threshold of $50,000. @*Results@#The base case model yielded 3.81 QALYs with a cost of $99,500 for surgery, and 3.76 QALYs with a cost of $106,500 for nonsurgical management. One-way sensitivity analysis demonstrated the greatest sensitivity in assumptions to cost of surgery and cost of admission for hemorrhagic stroke, and probabilities of stroke with no surgery, stroke after surgery, poor surgical outcome, and death after surgery. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses demonstrated that surgical revascularization was the cost-effective strategy in over 87.4% of simulations. @*Conclusions@#Considering both direct and indirect costs and the postoperative QALY, surgery is considerably more cost-effective than non-surgical management for adults with MMD.

Prevalence of Postprostatectomy Incontinence Requiring Anti-incontinence Surgery After Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer: A Retrospective Population-Based Analysis / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Purpose@#This study aimed to examine the prevalence of surgery for postprostatectomy incontinence (PI) following minimally invasive surgery compared to conventional open surgery for prostate cancer. @*Methods@#This retrospective cohort study used the Florida State Ambulatory Surgery and State Inpatient Databases, 2008 to 2010, radical prostatectomy (RP) patients were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9/10 procedure codes and among this cohort, PI was identified also using ICD-9/10 codes. Surgical approaches included minimally invasive (robotic or laparoscopic) versus open (retropubic or perineal) RP. The primary outcome was the overall prevalence of surgery for PI. The secondary outcome was the association of PI requiring anti-incontinence surgery with the surgical approach for RP. @*Results@#Among the 13,535 patients initially included in the study (mean age, 63.3 years), 6,932 (51.2%) underwent open RP and 6,603 (49.8%) underwent minimally invasive RP. The overall prevalence of surgical procedures for PI during the observation period among the all patients who had received RP was 3.3%. The rate of PI surgery for patients receiving minimally invasive surgery was higher than that for patients receiving open surgery (4.8% vs. 3.0%; risk difference, 1.8%; 95% confidence interval, 0.3%–3.4%). The adjusted prevalence of PI surgery for patients who had undergone laparoscopic RP was higher than that for those with retropubic RP (8.6% vs. 3.7%). @*Conclusions@#Among patients undergoing RP for prostate cancer, the prevalence of PI surgery is not negligible. Patients undergoing minimally invasive RP had higher adjusted rates for PI surgery compared to open approaches, which was attributed to high rate of PI surgery following laparoscopic approach and low rate of PI surgery following perineal approach. More studies are needed to establish strategies to reduce the rate of PI surgery after RP.

Hyperinsulinemia in Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer

The relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and/or insulin action causes diabetes. However, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus can be associated with an absolute increase in circulating insulin, a state known as hyperinsulinemia. Studies are beginning to elucidate the cause-effect relationships between hyperinsulinemia and numerous consequences of metabolic dysfunctions. Here, we review recent evidence demonstrating that hyperinsulinemia may play a role in inflammation, aging and development of cancers. In this review, we will focus on the consequences and mechanisms of excess insulin production and action, placing recent findings that have challenged dogma in the context of the existing body of literature. Where relevant, we elaborate on the role of specific signal transduction components in the actions of insulin and consequences of chronic hyperinsulinemia. By discussing the involvement of hyperinsulinemia in various metabolic and other chronic diseases, we may identify more effective therapeutics or lifestyle interventions for preventing or treating obesity, diabetes and cancer. We also seek to identify pertinent questions that are ripe for future investigation.

The world database for pediatric and congenital heart surgery: A collaboration with the Registro Nacional de Cirugía Cardiaca Pediátrica / La base de datos mundial de cirugía cardíaca pediátrica y congénita: una colaboración con el Registro Nacional de Cirugía Cardiaca Pediátrica (RENACCAPE)

Abstract Objective: Following the notable work accomplished by the Mexican Association of Specialists in Congenital Heart Disease (Asociación Mexicana de Especialistas en Cardiopatías Congénitas) with the development of a national registry for congenital cardiac surgery, the World Society for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery has implemented an international platform to collect data and analyze outcomes of children with congenital heart disease. Methodology: This manuscript proposes a possible collaboration between Mexico's national congenital cardiac database (Registro Nacional de Cirugía Cardíaca Pediátrica) and the World Database for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery. Conclusion: Such a partnership would advance the countries' desire for the ongoing development of quality improvement processes and improve the overall treatment of children with congenital heart disease.

Resumen Objetivo: Siguiendo el notable trabajo realizado por la Asociación Mexicana de Especialistas en Cardiopatías Congénitas (Asociación Mexicana de Especialistas en Cardiopatías Congénitas: AMECC) con el desarrollo de un registro nacional para la cirugía cardíaca congénita, la Sociedad Mundial de Pediatría y Cirugía Cardíaca Congénita ha implementado una plataforma internacional para recopilar datos y analizar los resultados de los niños con cardiopatía congénita. Metodología: Este manuscrito propone una posible colaboración entre la base nacional de datos cardiacos congénitos de México (RENACCAPE) y la Base de Datos Mundial para la Cirugía Cardíaca Pediátrica y Congénita (WDPCHS). Conclusión: Esta asociación promovería el deseo de los países de seguir desarrollando procesos de mejora de la calidad y mejorar el tratamiento general de los niños con cardiopatía congénita.

The World Database for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery: Use of an International Congenital Database in South Korea / 대한흉부외과학회지

No abstract available.

Time trends for tobacco and alcohol use in youth-rated films popular in Mexico and Argentina, from 2004-2012 / Tendencias en el tiempo del uso de tabaco y alcohol en las películas para adolescentes más populares en México y Argentina: 2004 a 2012

Abstract: Objective: To examine and compare overall prevalence and time trends in tobacco and alcohol portrayals and brand appearances in youth-rated US and nationally-produced films that were the most successful in Argentina and Mexico from 2004-2012. Materials and methods: Top-grossing nationally produced films from Argentina (n=73), Mexico (n=85) and the US (n=643) were content analyzed. Logistic regression was used to determine differences between Mexican, Argentine and US produced films. Linear regression models assessed significant cross-country differences in the mean number of tobacco and alcohol seconds. Results: Films from Mexico and Argentina were more likely than US films to contain tobacco, (OR=4.2; p<0.001) and (OR=7.2; p<0.001). Alcohol was present in 93% of Argentine, 83% in Mexican and 83% US films. Conclusions: Smoking and alcohol were highly prevalent in nationally produced films. They may have a significant impact and should be targeted by policies to reduce youth exposure to portrayals of risk behaviors.

Resumen: Objetivo: Este estudio evalúa la representación en el tiempo de contenidos de tabaco y alcohol en las películas para adolescentes más populares en Argentina y México de 2004 a 2012. Material y métodos: Se analizaron las películas localmente más taquilleras producidas en Argentina (n=73), México (n=85) y EE.UU. (n=643). Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística para determinar diferencias entre películas mexicanas, argentinas y norteamericanas en variables dicotómicas, y de regresión lineal para evaluar las diferencias significativas entre países para variables continuas. Resultados: Las películas mexicanas y argentinas muestran mayor contenido de tabaco en comparación con las norteamericanas (OR=4.2; p<0.000) y (OR=7.2; p<0.000, respectivamente). El alcohol estuvo presente en 93% de películas argentinas, y en 83% tanto de las mexicanas como de las norteamericanas. Conclusión: Los resultados observados muestran tendencias que pueden tener un impacto significativo en la exposición de conductas de riesgo en jóvenes, y por ello son relevantes en la política pública.

Retreatability of two endodontic sealers, EndoSequence BC Sealer and AH Plus: a micro-computed tomographic comparison

OBJECTIVES: Recently, bioceramic sealers like EndoSequence BC Sealer (BC Sealer) have been introduced and are being used in endodontic practice. However, this sealer has limited research related to its retreatability. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the retreatability of two sealers, BC Sealer as compared with AH Plus using micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six extracted human maxillary incisors were instrumented and randomly divided into 4 groups of 14 teeth: 1A, gutta-percha, AH Plus retreated with chloroform; 1B, gutta-percha, AH Plus retreated without chloroform; 2A, gutta-percha, EndoSequence BC Sealer retreated with chloroform; 2B, gutta-percha, EndoSequence BC Sealer retreated without chloroform. Micro-CT scans were taken before and after obturation and retreatment and analyzed for the volume of residual material. The specimens were longitudinally sectioned and digitized images were taken with the dental operating microscope. Data was analyzed using an ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey test. Fisher exact tests were performed to analyze the ability to regain patency. RESULTS: There was significantly less residual root canal filling material in the AH Plus groups retreated with chloroform as compared to the others. The BC Sealer samples retreated with chloroform had better results than those retreated without chloroform. Furthermore, patency could be re-established in only 14% of teeth in the BC Sealer without chloroform group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that the BC Sealer group had significantly more residual filling material than the AH Plus group regardless of whether or not both sealers were retreated with chloroform.

Respiratory symptoms and illnesses related to the concentration of airborne particulate matter among brick kiln workers in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

BACKGROUND: Bricks have been manufactured in Nepal for hundreds of years and are seen as a component of Nepalese sculpture and architecture. Large quantities of hazardous materials including high concentrations of particulate matter are emitted on a daily basis from brick kilns. Exposure to these hazardous materials can lead to adverse consequences on the environment and human health. This study was conducted to  estimate the prevalence of respiratory symptoms/illnesses and the magnitude of respirable and total dust exposures among Nepalese brick kiln workers. METHODS: Respiratory symptoms/illnesses were evaluated by questionnaire among brickfield workers (n = 400) and a referent group of grocery workers (n = 400) in Kathmandu valley. Work zones (WZs): green brick molding (GBM), green brick stacking/carrying (GBS/C), red brick loading/carrying (RBL/C), coal preparation (CP) and firemen (FM) were the similar exposure groups (SEGs) from where personal air samples and interviews were taken. Among brickfield workers, personal monitoring was conducted across SEGs for total (n = 89) and respirable (n = 72) dust during February–March 2015 and March–April 2016. Applying multi-stage probability proportionate to size sampling technique, 16 kilns and 400 brick workers for interview were selected. Proportions, means, medians and ranges were calculated for the demographics, samples and respiratory symptoms/illnesses. One-way ANOVA was applied to compare the significance differences of the level of particulate matter among SEGs. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate association between respiratory symptoms/illnesses and participants groups, and SEGs among brick kiln workers at 0.05 level. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21. RESULTS: Chronic cough (14.3%), phlegm (16.6%) and bronchitis (19.0%) were higher (P < 0.05) among brickfield compared with grocery workers (6.8, 5.8 and 10.8%). Mean respirable (5.888 mg/m3) and total (20.657 mg/m3) dust exposures were highest for red brick loading tasks. The prevalence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, chronic bronchitis, wheezing and asthma were significantly higher for other WZs workers (p < 0.05) compared with CP; for GBM: 22.9, 34.6, 15.0 and 7.5%; for GBS/C: 13.5, 15.8, 10.0, 8.8 and 7.5%; for RBL/C: 11.1, 17.1, 27.4, 19.0 and 11.9%; for FM: 18.4, 12.5, 28.4, 4.9 and 0.0%; and for CP: 4.9, 6.3, 13.3, 9.3 and 4.0% respectively. CONCLUSION: High dust exposures identified in this study may explain the increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms/illnesses among Nepalese brickfield workers, warranting action to reduce exposures.

Exposición de adolescentes de escuela secundaria de la Argentina y México a escenas de tabaco en películas de cine: una estimación poblacional / Exposure of Secondary School Adolescents from Argentina and México to Smoking Scenes in Movies: a Population-based Estimation

Introducción: Las escenas de consumo de tabaco en películas promueve el inicio del tabaquismo en adolescentes, por lo que el análisis de la cantidad de imágenes de tabaco en películas que realmente llega a los adolescentes se ha convertido en un tema de interés creciente. Objetivo: Estimar el nivel de exposición a imágenes de tabaco contenidas en películas vistas por adolescentes de la Argentina y México. Material y métodos: Se realizó una encuesta a alumnos de primer año de nivel secundario de la Argentina y México. Se analizaron las 100 películas con mayor recaudación en cada año del período 2009-2013 (Argentina) y 2010-2014 (México). A cada participante se le asignó una muestra aleatoria de 50 de estas películas, preguntándosele si la había visto. Se estimó el número total de adolescentes que habían visto cada película en cada país y se multiplicó por el número de escenas que contenían tabaco (ocurrencias) en cada película para así obtener el número de impresiones crudas de tabaco vistas por los adolescentes escolarizados de cada país. Resultados: Se analizaron 422 films en la Argentina y 433 en México. Más de 500 millones de imágenes de tabaco fueron vistas por la población joven de cada país, lo que promedia 128 y 121 minutos de escenas con tabaquismo por cada adolescente en la Argentina y México, respectivamente. Si bien los films calificados para mayores de 15/16/18 años tenían mayor promedio por película de escenas de tabaco, las películas calificadas para menores de esta edad fueron responsables de la mayor cantidad de escenas de tabaquismo vistas por adolescentes (67,3% en la Argentina y 54,4% en México) debido a su mayor audiencia. Conclusión: A nivel poblacional, las películas para niños son las máximas responsables de la carga de tabaco vista por adolescentes.

Knowledge and attitudes towards evidence-based practice among clinical physical therapists in Metro Manila / The Health Sciences Journal

Introduction @#The study aimed to determine the demographic profile of clinical physical therapists in Metro Manila, their knowledge and attitudes towards evidence-based practice and the relationship of their educational background to knowledge and attitudes towards evidence-based practice.@*Methods @#A quantitative correlational research design was utilized to describe the profile, knowledge and attitudes of clinical physical therapists, selected by purposive sampling, towards evidence-based practice. An adapted Likert-type questionnaire was utilized to gather data necessary to the study.@*Results @#Majority of 33 respondents had their basics of evidence-based practice as part of their academic preparation and had positive attitudes towards evidence-based practice. There was a weak non-significant correlation of educational background with knowledge of evidence-based practice and no correlation with attitudes towards evidence-based practice@*Conclusion @#Educational background may be factor in terms of knowledge of evidence- based practice. However, educational background is not correlated with the personal attitudes towards evidence-based practice.

Reliable Magnetic Resonance Imaging Based Grading System for Cervical Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

STUDY DESIGN: Observational. PURPOSE: To develop a simple and comprehensive grading system for cervical discs that precisely, consistently and meaningfully presents radiologic and morphologic data. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: The Thompson grading system is commonly used to classify the severity of degenerative lumbar discs on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Inherent differences in the morphological and physiological characteristics of cervical discs have hindered development of precise classification systems. Other grading systems have been developed for degenerating cervical discs, but their versatility and feasibility in the clinical setting is suboptimal. METHODS: MRIs of 46 human cervical discs were de-identified and displayed in PowerPoint format. Each slide depicted a single disc with a normal (grade 0) disc displayed in the top right corner for reference. The presentation was given to 25 physicians comprising attending spine surgeons, spine fellows, orthopaedic residents, and two attending musculoskeletal radiologists. The grading system included Grade 0 (normal height compared to C2-3, mid cleft still visible), grade 1 (dark disc, normal height), grade 2 (collapsed disc, few osteophytes), and grade 3 (collapsed disc, many osteophytes). The ease of use of the system was gauged in the participants and the interobserver reliability was calculated. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient for interobserver reliability was 0.87, and 0.94 for intraobserver reliability, indicating excellent reliability. Ninety-five percent and 85 percent of the clinicians judged the grading system to be clinically feasible and useful in daily practice, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The grading system is easy to use, has excellent reliability, and can be used for precise and consistent clinician communication.

Adjunctive acupuncture for pain and symptom management in the inpatient setting: protocol for a pilot hybrid effectiveness-implementation study / 中西医结合学报

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Effective pain management among hospitalized patients is an important aspect of providing quality care and achieving optimal clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Common pharmacologic approaches for pain, though effective, have serious side effects and are not appropriate for all inpatients. Findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support the efficacy of acupuncture for many symptoms relevant to inpatients including postoperative pain, cancer-related pain, nausea and vomiting, and withdrawal from narcotic use. However, the extent to which findings from RCTs translate to real-world implementation of acupuncture in typical hospital settings is unknown.</p><p><b>METHODS/DESIGN</b>In partnership with the launch of a clinical program offering acupuncture services to inpatients at the University of California San Francisco's Mount Zion Hospital, we are conducting a pilot study using a hybrid effectiveness-implementation design to: (1) assess the effectiveness of acupuncture to manage pain and other symptoms and improve patient satisfaction; and (2) evaluate the barriers and facilitators to implementing an on-going acupuncture service for inpatients. During a two-month pre-randomization phase, we evaluated and adapted clinical scheduling and treatment protocols with acupuncturists and hospital providers and pretested study procedures including enrollment, consent, and data collection. During a six-month randomization phase, we used a two-tiered consent process in which inpatients were first consented into a study of symptom management, randomized to be offered acupuncture, and consented for acupuncture if they accepted. We are also conducting in-depth interviews and focus groups to assess evidence, context, and facilitators of key provider and hospital administration stakeholders.</p><p><b>DISCUSSION</b>Effectiveness research in "real-world" practice settings is needed to inform clinical decision-making and guide implementation of evidence-based acupuncture practices. To successfully provide clinical acupuncture services and maintain a rigorous research design, practice-based trials of acupuncture require careful planning and attention to setting-specific, contextual factors.</p><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION</b>This trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. The identifier is NCT01988194, registered on November 5, 2013.</p>

Erratum: Relationship between Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain, Invasive Hemodynamics, and Functional Assessment in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

The authors have decided to remove one of the authors, Serpil C. Erzurum, MD, who was cited as the 5th author on the original manuscript.