ABSTRACT
Purpose@#The etiology of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD) remains unknown until today. A few studies have suggested passive smoke inhalation may be a risk factor, although the association is not confirmed and a causal relationship has not been established. Most mothers who smoke during pregnancy may continue smoking after giving a birth, it would be difficult to determine to what extent passive smoke inhalation adds to the risk of LCPD in these children. The causes of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease are largely unknown, but this pediatric disease seems to result from interruption of the blood supply to the proximal femur and is considered a vascular disease. Because maternal smoking during pregnancy influences fetal development and is associated with cardiovascular diseases in offspring, we hypothesized that this exposure and passive Tabaco smoke exposure are risk factors for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and also investigated other markers of impaired fetal development and early-life exposures. @*Methods@#We prospectively recruited total 96 patients, among those 32 patients with LCPD as a case group and 64 patients attending the hospital for other orthopedic complaints as control group. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess the association between the exposures and risk of LCPD. @*Results@#The main risk factors for LCPD were family background, indoor use of a wood stove, having a family member who smoked indoors (passive smoke) and smoke during pregnancy. Children from the middle socioeconomic group appeared to be at a greater risk of developing LCPD. @*Conclusions@#This study provides further evidence that environmental tobacco smoke is associated with an increased risk of LCPD. Family background and exposure to wood smoke also appears to be risk factors. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and other factors indicated by impaired fetal development may be associated with an increased risk of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. However, it remains unclear why there are profound differences in the incidence of the disease between regions when the prevalence of smoking is comparable and why bilateral involvement is infrequent, and it needs further study.
ABSTRACT
@#BACKGROUND OF STUDY: According to WHO report estimation, 76.3 million people have been diagnosed with disorder related to alcohol use which has been root cause for over 60 types of disease in the world.1 Smoking causes death to4 million people every year, 11 people every day and 6 every minute. This number is estimated to double reaching 10 million by 2030.2 The study conducted by the ‘World Vision Mongolia’ international organization and the Anti-alcoholism and Drug Association of the Ministry of Justice show 76% of all teenagers has drunk alcohol to some extent. AIMS: To determine alcohol, tobacco and psychoactive drug use by school teenagers of Sukhbaatar district in Ulaanbaatar MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: The survey on inquiry of alcohol, tobacco and psychoactive drug use (ASSIST) was conducted among a total of randomly selected 800 (374 boys, 426 girls) students of 8-12th grade from 7 secondary schools of Sukhbaatar district. Statistical data was put into Microsoft office applications (excel, word) and processed by SPSS application with 95% of probability of information and 5.0% of trust level. RESULT OF STUDY: Out of all respondents 32% (256) use tobacco, 43.8% (350)alcoholic drinks, 2.6% (21)cannabis,1.1% (9) cocaine, 1.5% (12) amphetamine, 3%(24)volatile substance, 4.3% (34)sedative and tranquilizer drug, 0.6% (5)hallucinogenic drug, 0.5% (4) opioid, and 0.1% (1) uses other types of drug. Among the survey participants, there are a total of 214 teenagers (in duplicated number) who need short-term action and 2 teenagers who are smoker and need intensive treatment. CONCLUSION: Among total teenagers, the survey participants, 1 in 3 used tobacco, 1 in 2 alcoholic drinks and 1 in 7 used psychoactive drug. Male students smoke twice more than female students and there is no difference in use of alcoholic drink in both sexes. The alcohol and tobacco use among teenagers at the age of 12-18 who participated in the survey showed that they use more when they grow older. 1 in 4 students of all participants belongs to a group with average risk and needs intensive treatment.
ABSTRACT
Introduction @#In the last years other country scientists told about not only determine infant weights, need to interest correlation between maternal weight, height and infant weight. In our country few research articles posted about anthropometry of obstetrics and gynecology. Our study aim is determine maternal weight, infant weight, placenta weight and assess factors affecting roles on maternal story of “Amgalan” Maternity Hospital in 2014-2015.@*Goal@#The current study aimed at assessing maternal weight, infant weight, placenta weight and evaluating the effect of factors leading to it. @*Materials and Methods@#The data was already collected from “Amgalan” Maternity Hospital using maternal history and record and it was collected measuring general physical characteristics such as body weight and height, infant weight, placenta weight and body circumferences. We used retrospective method and collected statistical data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software. @*Results@#Of total 964 study participants aged 18-45. The average age of participants was 29.6 ± 5.8 years old and 49.7% (n=479) was working during pregnancy, 45.7% (n=441) hadn’t works, 4.6% (n=44) was student. The average weight of mothers was 75.4±11.5, weight of infants was 3439.5±456, weight of placenta was 685±129. The following factors affected maternal and infant weights: lower education, working, early and late pregnancy complication. Maternal weight had a low direct correlation with infant weight (r=0.267, p<0.01) and placenta weight (r=0.208, p<0.01). In our study maternal height had a low direct correlation with infant weight(r=0.173, p<0.01) and infant weight had a moderate direct correlation with placenta weight (r=0.376, p<0.01). @*Conclusions@#</br> 1. The average maternal weight was 75.4±11.5, infant weight was 3539.5±456, placenta weight was 685±129. </br> 2. The following factors affected maternal and infant weights: lower education, working status, early and late pregnancy complications. </br> 3. Maternal weight had a little direct correlation with infant weight (r=0.267, p<0.01) and placenta weight (r=0.208, p<0.01).
ABSTRACT
Aim was to investigate expression of tumor suppressor P53 gene, proliferating Ki-67 protein inordinary and proliferating uterine leiomyomato establish possible usefulness of these two parametersin distinguishing between ordinary leiomyoma and proliferating leiomyoma. Retrospective study of49uterine leiomyoma (25 ordinary leiomyoma, 24 proliferating leiomyoma) technically acceptable foranalysis from years 2010–2013 department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and department of Pathology,Mongolian National University of Medical Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.MethodAll tissue specimens were obtained from surgically removed tumors. Tissue was fixed in formalinand cut to thickness of 5 mm from paraffin-embedded blocks. All haematoxylineosin slides and allimunohistochemical slides for each case were reviewed by two experienced pathologist.ImmunohistochemistryParaffin-embedded tumor sections were deparaffinized and stained in automated platformDakoCytomationusing monoclonal mouse anti-human Ki-67 antigen (Dako,Glostrup, Denmark), monoclonal mouse anti-humanP53 protein (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark).Immunohistochemicalanalysis of P53 and Ki67 expression was performed. Every nuclei stained brown,regardless of shade intensivity, was considered positive. The interpretation of immunohistochemicalstaining was expressed as number of positive cells in 100 cell count in most active area of the slide.Non-parametric analysis of variance Kruskal-Walistest was performed.P53 expressionExpression of P53 was negative in 24/24 ordinary uterine leiomyoma, 2/10 mitotic activity leiomyoma,11/15 cellular leiomyoma. Expression of P53 in 1–10% of cells showed 3/10(30%) mitotic activeleiomyoma and 1/15(6.6%) cellular leiomyoma. Expression in 10-70% of cells showed 5/10(50) mitoticactivity leiomyoma, 3/15(20%) cellular leiomyoma. A significant difference in expression of P53 wasseen between ordinary and proliferative (mitotic activity and cellular) uterine leiomyoma (p<0.007, Table1).Ki-67 expressionExpression of Ki67 was negative in 20/20 (100%) ordinary leiomyoma, 4/11(36.3%) mitotic activityleiomyoma and 7/18(38.8%) cellular uterine leiomyoma. 1–10% of cells were positive in 4/11 (36.6%)mitotic activity leiomyoma, and 5/18% cellular leiomyoma. Expression was positive in 10-70%of cellsof 3/11(27.2%) mitotic activity leiomyoma and 6/18(33.3%). Statistically significant differences in Ki67expression was found between ordinary leiomyoma and proliferating leiomyoma (p<0.014, Table 2) andbetween LM and LMS (p=0.000, Table 1).Conclusion:The findings of our study in concordance with other study results are helpful information establishingmore diagnostic criteria and parameters for diagnosis in doubtful cases between two entities.Immunoassaying for Ki-67 and P53 are such parameters. The panel of their expression in specific caseeases diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION:Uterine leiomyomas are the common smooth muscle tumors of female genital tract. Usually theirdiagnosis poses no problem. On the other hand leiomyosarcomas are highly malignant tumors.Distinction between the two poses no problem if the leiomyosarcoma shows significant dysplasia,however at times it may become a serious problem to differentiate between leiomyoma and well–differentiated leiomyosarcoma. Under such circumstances the mitotic count per 100 high powerfields considered by many as the most important criterion of distinction.MATERIAL AND METHODS:To investigate the role of mitotic activity in the growth of uterine leiomyomas, the mitotic count per100 high-power fields and the relation of this to the patient’s age (30 to 54 years) were examined intissue sections of leiomyomas from 130 surgically removed leiomyomatous uteri.RESULTS:The mean mitotic count in submucosal uterine leiomyoma was significantly higher (42.3%) than thatof the other location such as intermural and subserosal leiomyoma. We found the highest mitoticcount in a leiomyoma at the late reproductive aged women (46.1%) at early secretory phase. But therewas not a statistical correlation between women’s age and mitotic activity of uterine leiomyoma.CONCLUSION:Increased mitotic activity in leiomyomas under the late reproductive aged women suggests that thegrowth of these tumors is affected by progesterone level