ABSTRACT
Background: Ghrelin is a peptide with attenuating effect on inflammatory pain. Both anti- and pro-inflammatory mediators have a role in the nociception and development of pain and hyperalgesia. IL-10 and TGF-beta are anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines related to peripheral and central inflammatory pain. In this study, the effects of i.p. injection of ghrelin on the early and the late phases of pain, as well as serum levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta, as anti-inflammatory cytokines, were investigated in formalin-induced pain in male rats
Methods: Adult male Wistar rats [n=48] were randomly divided into six groups: control, formalin+saline, ghrelin [40, 80, and 160 microg/kg], and morphine. Ghrelin was administered i.p. 30 min before inducing pain by formalin. Pain induced by intraplantar [i.pl.] injection of 50 microl formalin 5%, and pain behavior was studied for 60 min. Serum IL-10 and TGF-beta levels were assessed by ELISA method
Results: The findings of the present study showed that ghrelin with high doses [80 and 160 microg/kg] significantly reduced pain intensity in both the early and the late phases of pain. The serum levels of cytokines, IL-10, and TGF-beta1 showed a significant elevation with ghrelin at dose of 160 microg/kg
Conclusion: Ghrelin is effective in reducing the intensity of both the early and the late phases of inflammatory pain. It seems that ghrelin exerts its analgesic effects in part by increasing the serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the three and six month clinical and demographic outcome predictors [recurrence rate, the rate of hospitalization, severity of illness and recovery rates] in a group of children and adolescents with type I bipolar disorders. The participants of this longitudinal and prospective study were 80 children and adolescents admitted in Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran, Iran with a diagnosis of type I bipolar disorder. Consecutive referrals were included in a prospective cohort. The participants were evaluated at admission, discharge, and follow-up at 3 and 6 months, using demographic questionnaire, Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version-Persian Version [K-SADS-PL-PV], Young Mania Rating Scale [Y-MRS], Children Depression Inventory [CDI], Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], and Clinical Global Impression [CGI]. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regressions were used for data analysis. The 6-month follow-up showed that there was a positive correlation between the severity of mania with male gender [p=0.01] and the severity of mania at admission [p=0.04]. The rate of recurrence at the 6-month follow-up was correlated [p=0.05, r=0.22] with psychosis at admission. The duration of untreated disorder [p=0.03] had a positive correlation with the severity of global impairment at the 6 month follow-up. This study confirms the role of some demographic and clinical features in predicting the course of disease and response to treatment