ABSTRACT
Chlamydia trachomatis [C. trachomatis] is the most prevalent cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections [STI] recognized throughout the world. The aim of this study is to determine different genotypes of genital C. trachomatis and the association between the serological markers of inflammation and genotypes of C. trachomatis in sexually active women [n=80] attending Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. In this descriptive study, endocervical swabs were collected from 80 women. There were 17 endocervical samples that showed positivity for C. trachomatis by plasmid polymerase chain reaction [PCR] using KL1 and KL2 primers. The omp1 gene was directly amplified in 17 plasmid PCR positive samples and was used to differentiate the clinical genotypes by omp1 gene PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism [PCR-RFLP]. The levels of IgG and IgA specific to C. trachmatis and C-reactive protein [CRP] were evaluated. Based on restriction-digestion patterns, four genotypes were identified. Genotypes E [35.3%] and F [35.3%] were the most prevalent, followed by D/Da [23.5%] and K [5.9%]. There was no significant association between genotypes and the presence of IgG and CRP. Patients infected with genotype E showed a serological marker of chronic inflammation, i.e. IgA seropositivity, significantly more than patients infected with other genotypes [p=0.042]. Nested PCR could increase the sensitivity of omp1 amplification. Based on the presence of IgA, chronic C. trachomatis infections were observed more frequently among genotype E-infected patients in our population
ABSTRACT
Background: Multiple-drug resistant Acinetobacter have widely spread in the last decades imposing a serious nosocomial source of infection. Nevertheless, little knowledge was gaimed on tracing the development of antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter species.Objectives: Explore Acinetobacter spp. via antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid profiles, and random amplified polymorphism DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) typing.Methods: One hundred twelve Acinetobacter isolates (including 66 A. baumannii and 46 non-Acinetobacter baumannii strains) were obtained from three university hospitals. The source of infection of these isolates included blood, urine, wound, and respiratory tract. Their susceptibilities to 17 antibiotics were tested and then allAcinetobacter isolates were typed by plasmid analysis and RAPD-PCR method.Results: A. baumannii isolates revealed nine different patterns of antibiotic resistance. Of those, non-A. baumannii, were associated with plasmid and RAPD-PCR typings (p 0.05).Conclusion: There is a wide spread of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter spp., particularly A. baumannii, in the Middle East region that can be traced efficiently by plasmid and genotyping typing of Acinetobacter. More care should be taken for tracing the development of antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter using precisemolecular typing techniques.Keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii, antimicrobial susceptibility, molecular typing, plasmid profiles RAPD-PCR