ABSTRACT
In current study we investigated the efficacy of organic extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] clinical isolates. For this purpose fresh leaves were used to prepare ethanol, methanol and chloroform extract. Secondly, a cross sectional study was conducted to isolate MRSA in clinical samples from patients having surgical/ non-surgical wounds from Allied Hospital and District Head Quarter Hospital, Faisalabad. The S. aureus isolates were initially identified by biochemical characterization, followed by identification of MRSA using cefoxitin disc diffusion test that was finally confirmed by genomic amplification of mecA gene, responsible for resistance. All MRSA isolates were tested to find vancomycin resistant S. aureus [VRSA] using E-strips [M.I.C. EvaluatorTM, Oxide, UK]. The data showed an overall 37% prevalence of S. aureus including 56.75% clinical MRSA isolates while none of the isolated S. aureus showed resistance to vancomycin. The antimicrobial activity was measured as mean zone of inhibition for each extract against all MRSA isolates and it was found as 15.38+/-2.26, 16.09+/-3.09 and 17.42+/-2.48 for methanol, ethanol and chloroform extracts respectively. Chloroform extract showed significantly high antimicrobial activity against MRSA isolates. Altogether, the current study exposed the high prevalence of MRSA isolates from tertiary care hospitals. However, all MRSA isolates were found susceptible to organic extracts of A. indica leaves
ABSTRACT
Infections due Hepatitis B and C with co-infection tuberculosis are important health issues all over the world. In TB patients, viral hepatitis infection increases risk of drug related hepatotoxicity up to three to five times more than TB patients which do not have viral infection. The study was designed to determine the frequency of Hepatitis B and C among the tuberculous patients admitted at Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. This is descriptive and cross sectional study which was conducted at Sheikh Zayed Hospital Rahim Yar Khan from September 2011 to April 2012.Blood samples were collected from TB patients aseptically from Pulmonology Department Sheikh Zayed Hospital Rahim Yar Khan. HBsAg and anti HCV antibodies were detected using ICT and ELISA techniques according to SOP of the kit manual. Among the 110 TB positive patients,5.5% were positive for HBsAg and 9.1% were positive for anti HCV antibodies using ELISA technique. Whereas, 5.5% HBsAg and 10% anti HCV antibodies were positive using ICT. The transmission of HBV and HCV was expected to have occurred were mostly found in barber shop and during ear nose piercing [30%], blood transfusion [20%], visit to quack [10%] as indicated from the history. Detection rate of HCV using ELISA is greater than ICT method. Male to female ratio 1:1 and age mean was 42 with standard deviation 18.2. We found a relatively increased frequency of HBV and HCV among TB patient. Therefore TB patients should also be screened for HBV and HCV for better management of the conditions