ABSTRACT
Back ground: Fine needle cytology is a valuable adjunct to preoperative diagnosis of thyroid lesions and it can helps in assessment of benign and malignant condition.Aims and objectives: To compare the efficacy of fine needle non aspiration cytology (FNNAC) with that of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in thyroid lesions.Materials and methods:FNAC and FNNAC techniques were studied in 50 cases of thyroid lesions. All the needle-sampling procedures were done by a single operator.The samples were assessed cytologically and evaluated using Mair et al scoring systemResult: The degree of cellular trauma, degree of cellular degeneration, blood contamination were less and the retention of architecture and cellular yield was more in FNNAC compared to FNAC with significant statistical difference. More number of FNNAC smears are diagnostically superior. Conclusion: The FNNAC technique is the first and best choice for vascular organ like thyroid compared to FNAC.
ABSTRACT
Effect of temperature on the population of sand crab, Emerita asiatica was studied. Specimens were collected once in a fort night from April 2012 to March 2013 by hand picking method in the intertidal region of Kovalam beach. The temperatures of atmosphere, sea water and wet sand were recorded once in a fortnight. The population presented a smaller incidence of males in relation to females (54.79:45.21); however in September 2012 an inverse pattern occurred (29.50:70.50). Ovigerous females were present in all samples with greater frequencies in September and October 2012 where as the highest juveniles were present in May and August 2012.
ABSTRACT
In this review, we identify important challenges facing physicians responsible for renal and cardiac transplantation in children based on a review of the contemporary medical literature. Regarding pediatric renal transplantation, we discuss the challenge of antibody-mediated rejection, focusing on both acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection. We review new diagnostic approaches to antibody-mediated rejection, such as panel-reactive antibodies, donor-specific cross-matching, antibody assays, risk assessment and diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection, the pathology of antibody-mediated rejection, the issue of ABO incompatibility in renal transplantation, new therapies for antibody-mediated rejection, inhibiting of residual antibodies, the suppression or depletion of B-cells, genetic approaches to treating acute antibody-mediated rejection, and identifying future translational research directions in kidney transplantation in children. Regarding pediatric cardiac transplantation, we discuss the mechanisms of cardiac transplant rejection, including the role of endomyocardial biopsy in detecting graft rejection and the role of biomarkers in detecting cardiac graft rejection, including biomarkers of inflammation, cardiomyocyte injury, or stress. We review cardiac allograft vasculopathy. We also address the role of genetic analyses, including genome-wide association studies, gene expression profiling using entities such as AlloMap®, and adenosine triphosphate release as a measure of immune function using the Cylex® ImmuKnow™ cell function assay. Finally, we identify future translational research directions in heart transplantation in children.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Graft Rejection , Heart Transplantation/adverse effects , Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects , Translational Research, Biomedical , Antibodies/immunology , Biomarkers/blood , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology , Graft Rejection/genetics , Graft Rejection/immunology , Graft Rejection/pathology , Graft Rejection/therapy , Histocompatibility Testing , Risk Assessment , Transplantation ToleranceABSTRACT
We report here a case of recurrent hematuria in a young man who presented with deteriorating renal function due to interstitial nephritis, secondary to, probably enteric fever. Immunofluorescence studies showed IgA nephropathy and ultrastructural studies revealed thin basement membrane nephropathy.