ABSTRACT
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used for analysis of the distribution of S,Mn,Fe,Cr,Mo,Si,Al in a 34CrNiMo6 steel sample cut from a main shaft of wind driven generator.The MnS inclusion area in each ablation craters cover zone was extracted in the way of comparing the metallograph captured by optical microscopy before and after LIBS scanning ablation.The statistic relation between MnS inclusion area and signal intensity of S and Mn was analyzed.The result showed that the abnormal signal of S and Mn occurred at the same position with the existence of MnS inclusion,and their signal intensity showed linear relationship.The abnormal signal of S and Mn were triggered mainly by MnS inclusion.The statistic result also showed linear relationship between signal intensity and MnS inclusion area both for S and Mn.It was possible to determine the inclusion type,size and distribution by analyzing abnormal signal.A simplified ablation model was established to calculate the relation of S and Mn content to MnS inclusion area.The arithmetic result showed a linear relation between the content and MnS inclusion area both for S and Mn.The calculation confirmed the linear relationship between signal intensity and inclusion area observed in experiment.The linear relationship could be interfered by macro-segregation,micro-segregation,deviation in measuring inclusion area,and inclusion spatter in pre-ablation.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the biological safety of compound galvano-ceramic bridge by measuring the consistency of released nickel ion of the galvano-form slices cohered with Ni-Cr alloy slice specimens which were immersed in artificial saliva.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Specimens were divided into five groups with four tests and one control. Test specimens were made into the structure like rectangle sandwich that one side of Ni-Cr alloy was cohered to the center surface of galvano golden base of 0.2 mm and another side was fused porcelain with the thickness of 0.3 mm (group A), 0.5 mm (group B), 1.0 mm (group C), and 0.3 mm (group D). And the Ni-Cr alloys were totally embedded in galvano golden base and firing porcelain. Naked Ni-Cr alloy was taken as control. Group D was immersed into acid artificial saliva (AS) with high fluoride, while others were in acid AS at 37 degrees C for 120 h. Then the consistency of released nickel ion in the solution was measured with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nickel ions detected in the artificial saliva for the groups A, B, C, and D in acid AS with or without high fluoride were all under 0.005 mg/L Significant differences were found between each test group and the control [(0.65 +/- 0.45) mg/L].</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Galvano-ceramic bridge, Ni-Cr alloy bridge with fused porcelain and golden base, shows biological safety responsible for the consistency of released nickel ion.</p>
Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials , Chemistry , Dental Materials , Materials Testing , Metal Ceramic Alloys , Chemistry , NickelABSTRACT
The role of female partners in the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) is being paid more and more attention now. ED has serious adverse effects on the sexual experience of female partners, while the attitudes of female partners to ED will have a direct effect on seeking and continuing treatment behavior of ED patients. So it's necessary for clinicians to consider female partners in the clinical practice of ED. The evidence from a recently published clinical trial has demonstrated that vardenafil not only improved ED men's erectile function, but also improved the sexual quality of life for female partners, which was the ideal solution of ED couples.