Assessment of Neurologic Problems in Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental disorders. previous report have examined the neurologic problems both in ASD and ADHD. METHODS: We studied 49 children with ASD and 51 with ADHD who had visited our hospital's neuropsychiatric clinic from January 1999 to December 2008. We examined age, EEG abnormalities, developmental delays, and seizures in both groups. RESULTS: 1) The mean age of children diagnosed with ASD was 4 years while that for ADHD was 9 years (P=0.000). 2) The percentage of abnormal EEG in children with ASD was 54.5% and that for those with ADHD was 25.4% (P=0.027). 3) The percentage of developmental delays in children with ASD was 89.8% and that for those with ADHD was 39.2% (P=0.000). 4) The mean age of first seizure in children with ASD was 13 years and that for those with ADHD was 6 years (P=0.005). CONCLUSION: The percentage of abnormal EEG and developmental delay in children with ASD was more than in those with ADHD. The mean age of diagnosis in children with ASD was younger than in those with ADHD and the mean age of first seizure in children with ASD was older than in those with ADHD. The percentage children with ASD who exhibited normalized EEGs upon follow-up was greater than that for children with ADHD.

A Case of Neurofibromatosis Type I with Moyamoya Syndrome and Ganglioneuroma in Lung / 대한소아신경학회지

Neurofibromatosis type I is one of the most common neurocutaneous syndrome which is inherited by autosomal dominant manner, characterized by cafe au-lait spots, axillary freckling, Lisch nodules in iris, multiple neurofibromas and bone involvement with pseudoarthrosis, bowing of the long bone. And Moyamoya disease is a specific disease characterized by progressive idiopathic stenosis and eventual occlusion of the large cerebral arteries at the circle of Willis. In response to the stenosis, an abnormal network of small collateral vessels develops, creating the "puff of smoke". Intracranial lesions associated with Neurofibromatosis type I include optic glioma, sphenoid wing dysplasia, "unidentified bright objects" and cerebrovascular lesions such as Moyamoya syndrome and aneurysm. Moyamoya syndrome is an uncommon association of neurofibromatosis type 1 and lung mass has not frequently been found with neurofibromatosis and moyamoya syndrome. We report a case with Neurofibromatosis type I with Moyamoya syndrome and ganglioneuroma in lung with reviewing literatures.

The Effect of Soy-based Formula on Infants' Bone Mineral Density / 대한소아내분비학회지

PURPOSE:We compared the blood chemistry concerning calcium metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) among the infants fed on soy-based formula (SF), breast milk feeding (BF) and casein-based formula (CF). METHODS:Fifty one term neonates delivered at Chungbuk National University Hospital from June 2001 to August 2003, were recruited. They were divided into three feeding groups (BF=20, SF=19, CF=12) by parent's own volition. Breast feeding and artificial formulae were given till three months of age, thereafter weaning food was added freely. Blood chemistry including calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were measured at 5, 12, and 36 months of age. BMD was measured at birth, 5, 12, and 36 months of age. RESULTS:Serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase were not different among the three feeding groups until 36 months of age. At 5 months of age, serum phosphorus (P<0.05) and BMD (P<0.001) were significantly lower in SF group, but thereafter no difference was found in theses parameter until 36 months of age. After birth lumbar spine BMD decreased to the lowest level at 5 months and increased to the birth level at 36 months of age. CONCLUSION:In spite of high mineral intake in SF group, the lowest serum phosphorus and lumbar BMD at 5 months of age suggest poor intestinal mineral absorption. Methods need to be developed to increase intestinal mineral absorption.

Brain wave results in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and treatment result with central nervous system stimulants / 소아과

PURPOSE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a syndrome characterized by inattention, impulsive disruptive behavior, impaired concentration, and motor restlessness. This study examined the relationships among electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, stimulant use, and seizure occurrence in children with ADHD. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 308 children with ADHD who visited the neuropsychiatric clinic of our hospital from January 2001 to December 2005. We retrospectively analyzed age distribution, etiology, abnormal EEG findings, and use of CNS stimulants. Among these children, brain waves was recorded in 84 patients. RESULTS: Eighty-four children (72 males, 85.7%, 9.3 years mean age; 12 females, 14.3%, 8.0 years mean age) with ADHD had electroencephalograms (EEGs) performed at our institute. Nineteen patients (22.6%) demonstrated epileptiform abnormalities, and 65 (77.4%) demonstrated normal EEGs. Stimulant therapy was applied to 59 of 84 patients (70.2%). Seizures occurred in 1 of 65 patients with a normal EEG (incidence, 1.5%) and 3 of 19 treated patients with epileptiform EEGs (incidence, 15.7%). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that patients with normal EEGs have minor risk for seizure. In contrast, patients with epileptiform EEGs have higher risk for seizure than patients with normal EEGs.

A case of neonatal peroneal neuropathy with intrauterine onset / 소아과

Peroneal neuropathy presenting at birth is a rare disorder. Although neonatal mononeuropathies may be related to obstetrical complications, prenatal mechanisms should be also considered. We describe an infant who was born at term by cesarean section due to breech presentation with a unilateral footdrop. Lack of compound muscle action potential in the peroneal nerve and denervation potentials confined to the tibialis anterior and the extensor hallucis longus muscles in the electrophysiological studies on the fourth day of life strongly suggest an isolated peroneal neuropathy of intrauterine onset. Early and sequential electrodiagnostic studies will be important to provide better temporal and pathophysiologic definitions, the better timing of onset and prognosis for mononeuropathies presenting in newborn infants.