Comparative study of medical common data models for FAIR data sharing / 中华流行病学杂志

The common data model (CDM) is an important tool to facilitate the standardized integration of multi-source heterogeneous healthcare big data, enhance the consistency of data semantic understanding, and promote multi-party collaborative analysis. The data collections standardized by CDM can provide powerful support for observational studies, such as large-scale population cohort study. This paper provides an in-depth comparative analysis of the data storage structure, term mapping pattern, and auxiliary tools development of the three international typical CDMs, then analyzes the advantages and limitations of each CDM and summarizes the challenges and opportunities faced in the CDM application in China. It is expected that exploring the advanced technical concepts and practical patterns of foreign countries in data management and sharing will provide references for promoting FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) construction of healthcare big data in China and solving the current practical problems, such as the poor quality of data resources, the low degree of semantization, and the inabilities of data sharing and reuse.

Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of seasonal A(H3N2) influenza in China, 2014-2019 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of seasonal A(H3N2) influenza [influenza A(H3N2)] in China and to provide a reference for scientific prevention and control. Methods: The influenza A(H3N2) surveillance data in 2014-2019 was derived from China Influenza Surveillance Information System. A line chart described the epidemic trend analyzed and plotted. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted using ArcGIS 10.7, and spatiotemporal scanning analysis was conducted using SaTScan 10.1. Results: A total of 2 603 209 influenza-like case sample specimens were detected from March 31, 2014, to March 31, 2019, and the influenza A(H3N2) positive rate was 5.96%(155 259/2 603 209). The positive rate of influenza A(H3N2) was statistically significant in the north and southern provinces in each surveillance year (all P<0.05). The high incidence seasons of influenza A (H3N2) were in winter in northern provinces and summer or winter in southern provinces. Influenza A (H3N2) clustered in 31 provinces in 2014-2015 and 2016-2017. High-high clusters were distributed in eight provinces, including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2014-2015, and high-high clusters were distributed in five provinces including Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, and Shanghai in 2016-2017. Spatiotemporal scanning analysis from 2014 to 2019 showed that Shandong and its surrounding twelve provinces clustered from November 2016 to February 2017 (RR=3.59, LLR=9 875.74, P<0.001). Conclusion: Influenza A (H3N2) has high incidence seasons with northern provinces in winter and southern provinces in summer or winter and obvious spatial and temporal clustering characteristics in China from 2014-2019.

Effect of acupuncture at Weizhong (BL 40) on bladder urination function based on ultrasound / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of acupuncture at Weizhong (BL 40) with deqi on bladder urination function.@*METHODS@#A total of 60 healthy subjects were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 30 subjects in each group. Under the guidance of ultrasound, acupuncture was applied Weizhong (BL 40) on both sides. In the observation group, the needling depth was reached to the tibial nerve, and lifting-thrusting twirling method was used to induce deqi. In the control group, the needling depth was reached to the superficial fascia, and no manipulation was operated to induce deqi. The needles were retained for 10 min and acupuncture was given once in both groups. The bilateral ureteral ejection frequency and volume of the bladder were observed by ultrasound before and after acupuncture, and the score of clinical evaluation scale of deqi sensation was observed in both groups.@*RESULTS@#After acupuncture, the frequency of bilateral ureteral ejection in the observation group and the bladder volume in the two groups were increased compared before acupuncture (P<0.05), and the frequency of bilateral ureteral ejection, bladder volume and score of clinical evaluation scale of deqi sensation in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture at Weizhong (BL 40) with deqi improves the bladder urination function. Ultrasound visualization improves the standardization and safety of acupuncture, intuitively evaluates the acupuncture effect, and provides an objective basis for the correlation between meridian points specificity and zang-fu organs.

Modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion for allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion for allergic rhinitis (AR).@*METHODS@#A total of 80 patients with AR were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 40 cases in each group. In the observation group, modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion was given, 30 min each time, 2 times a week and with an interval of 3-4 days. In the control group, budesonide nasal spray was given. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. The total nasal symptom score (TNSS) and total non-nasal symptom score (TNNSS) were observed before treatment, after first treatment, after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment; the scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) and rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) were observed before treatment, after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment; the recurrence condition was evaluated 4 weeks after treatment; the clinical efficacy was evaluated after last treatment in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with before treatment, the total scores and each score of TNSS, TNNSS scores after first treatment, after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment were decreased in both groups (P<0.01, P<0.05). After first treatment, the total score, stuffy nose score, itchy nose score of TNSS and TNNSS score in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). After last treatment, the total score, stuffy nose score, itchy nose score of TNSS in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01). Four weeks after treatment, the total score and each score of TNSS, TNNSS score in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with before treatment, the scores of VAS and RQLQ after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment were decreased in both groups (P<0.01), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01). The recurrence rate was 13.5% (5/37) in the observation group, which was lower than 44.8% (13/29) in the control group (P<0.01). The total effective rate was 92.5% (37/40) in the observation group, which was higher than 72.5% (29/40) in the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion could effectively improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with AR, and the recurrence rate is lower.

Preparation of human monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using single B cell / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Abstract：Objective To prepare human monoclonal antibody against spike protein（S protein）of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2（SARS⁃CoV⁃2）by using single B cell，and determine its neutralizing activity. Methods Venous blood with high antibody level was collected from people immunized with inactivated SARS⁃CoV⁃2 vaccine（Vero cells） twice，of which peripheral blood mononuclear cells（PBMCs）were isolated by lymphocyte stratified fluid and used to isolate single B cell expressing S protein antibody by magnetic beads coupled with S1 protein. Variable region genes of IgG heavy chain and light chain were amplified by nested PCR after reverse transcription of single B cell，which were connected with CMV promoter，IgG leader sequence，IgG constant region and polyA sequence by overlapping PCR to construct antibody linear expression cassette. Linear expression cassette of the heavy chain and light chain from the same B cell was transfected to HEK293T cells to express human monoclonal antibody of SARS⁃CoV⁃2 S protein. Immunoreactivity was detected by immuno⁃ fluorescence while neutralizing activity by pseudovirus neutralization test. Results A total of 26 monoclonal antibodies against SARS⁃CoV⁃2 S protein were expressed，which showed heavy chain and light chain protein bands of IgG antibody at

Influencing factors of negative conversion time of nucleic acid detection in 228 patients infected with Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Shanghai / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective To analyze and compare the effects of different clinical characteristics on the negative conversion time of nucleic acid detection after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant infection, and to provide a scientific basis for the isolation and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods　The epidemiological and clinical data of 228 mild SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infected patients diagnosed in Shanghai were retrospectively collected from April 27, 2022 to June 8, 2022 in Wujiaochang designated Hospital, Yangpu District, Shanghai. The negative conversion time of nucleic acid detection was used as the outcome variable, and the patients were divided into A (≤18 days) and B (>18 days). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of the negative conversion time of nucleic acid detection. Results　The mean nucleic acid conversion time of 228 patients was (18.7±12.1) d, with the median time of 18 (2-46) d. Among them, 120 patients in group A had an average nucleic acid conversion time of (13.2±2.0) d, and 108 cases in group B had an average nucleic acid conversion time of (20.8±1.3) d. Univariate analysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the effects of hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypokalemia, malignant tumors, neuropsychiatric diseases, chronic digestive diseases on the negative nucleic acid conversion time (P>0.05); however, there were significant differences in the effects of combined cerebrovascular disease, leukopenia, chronic respiratory system diseases and vaccination on the negative nucleic acid conversion time (P<0.05). Further multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the combination of chronic respiratory diseases and non-vaccination were significant risk factors for prolongation of negative nucleic acid conversion time (P<0.05). Conclusions The results of this study show that gender, age and whether hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypokalemia, malignant tumor, neuropsychiatric disease and chronic digestive disease have no significant effect on the nucleic acid conversion time, whereas chronic respiratory disease and no vaccination are significantly correlated with the prolongation of nucleic acid conversion time in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-infected patients.

Novel CD19-KIRS2/Dap12-BB CAR-T Treatment for 3 Patients with Relapsed and Refractory B-Cell Tumors / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the safety and efficacy of novel CD19-KIRS2/Dap12-BB chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) in the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancy (R/R BCM).@*METHODS@#Three patients with R/R BCM treated with novel CD19-KIRS2/Dap12-BB CAR-T cells from June 2020 to November 2020 were enrolled, including 1 case of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) and 2 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and the efficacy and adverse reactions were observed.@*RESULTS@#After CAR-T cells infusion, patient with B-ALL achieved complete remission (CR) and minimal residual disease (MRD) turned negative, and 2 patients with NHL achieved partial remission (PR). Grade 2 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurred in B-ALL patient, grade 1 CRS occurred in 2 NHL patients, and grade II to IV hematologic adverse reactions occurred in 3 patients, all of which were controllable and reversible. The progression-free survival (PFS) of the 3 patients was 143, 199, and 91 days, and overall survival (OS) was 282, 430, and 338 days, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The novel CD19-KIRS2/Dap12-BB CAR-T cells in treatment of 3 patients with R/R BCM have significant short-term efficacy and controllable adverse reactions, but the long-term efficacy needs to be further improved.

pH and GSH dual-responsive silybin nano-micelles for inhibition of breast cancer activity and metastasis in vitro / 药学学报

The clinical tumor therapy was greatly challenged due to the complex characteristics of tumor microenvironment, however, which also provide arena for novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(lactic acid)-SS-poly(β-amino ester (PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE) triblock copolymers with pH and GSH double response were synthesized, polymer micelles were prepared by thin film hydration method for loading of silybin to improve its antitumor activity. The critical micelle concentration was determined by pyrene fluorescence method as 1.8 μg·mL-1. The particle size was 155.30 ± 1.80 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering, with polydispersity index of 0.168 ± 0.004. The drug loading and entrapment efficiency of the micelles were determined by HPLC as (5.48 ± 0.04)% and (68.52 ± 0.48)%, respectively. The in vitro drug release profiles showed that the micelles have low pH sensitivity and high GSH responsiveness, and exhibited sustained release profiles. The good biocompatibility of the material was proved by measuring the hemolysis rate and cytotoxicity of the blank micelle. The cytotoxicity and apoptosis rate of tumor cells showed that the drug loaded PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE micelles had significant inhibitory effect and apoptosis-inducing effect on MDA-MB-231 cells. The results of wounding healing assay and Transwell invasion test showed that the drug loaded PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE micelles could significantly inhibit the metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells. The PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE drug-loaded micelles prepared in this study have good inhibitory effect on tumor growth and anti-tumor metastasis in vitro, which lays the foundation for the further application of silybin.

Clinicopathological analysis of 105 patients with fibrous dysplasia of cranio-maxillofacial region / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of the different types of fibrous dysplasia (FD) of cranio-maxillofacial region, so as to provide a new reference for clinicians to treat these patients and make prognostic judgement.@*METHODS@#Clinical records, radiographic data and pathological information of 105 patients diagnosed with FD or McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) at the Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology from January 2013 to December 2020 were collected. The patients were divided into 4 groups: monostotic FDs, polyostotic FDs, MAS and a specific type called craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (CFD) limited in the craniofacial region. The clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and follow-up data of each type were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Of all the 105 patients, 46 were males and 59 were females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1 ∶1.3. The onset age ranged from 0 to 56 years and the median age was 12 years. On the basis of different involvement conditions, 4 types were divided. The most common type was monostotic FDs (43 cases, 40.95%), including maxilla (29 cases), mandibular (12 cases) and zygoma (2 cases). 32 cases (30.48%) were diagnosed with polyostotic FDs, 7 cases (6.67%) were MAS, and 23 cases (21.90%) were CFDs confirmed by computed tomography (CT) analysis. CFD was clearly distinct from other types of FD, such as the patient gender and the serum alkaline phosphatase level in peripheral blood before operative surgery. The pathologic findings of various types FD were quite similar, whilst the predominant fibrous tissue hyperplasia could be observed in polyostotic FDs and MAS types.@*CONCLUSION@#The clinicopathologic features of FD in the cranio-maxillofacial region are different from the FD lesions in other parts of the body. The clinicopathological features of CFD are significantly different from those of monostotic and polyostotic FDs in the cranio-maxillofacial region. Therefore, the clinicians should pay attention to distinguish CFD in clinic, imaging and pathology aspects, so as to further clarify its features in clinic management and prognosis.

Preventing and treating anterior commissure adhesion with mucosal flap: a study in canines and clinical cases / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of mucosal flap combined with silicone keel for preventing and treating anterior commissure adhesion in canines and clinical cases. Methods: A prospective experiment was performed from November 2019 to June 2021. Twenty five canines were randomly divided into 5 groups(A, B, C, D, E). Group A, B, C, D received anterior commissure injury by CO2 laser, then separately treated with free mucosal flap-keel complex,intralaryngeal mucosal flap-keel complex, silicone keels and without treatment, group E didn't injure the vocal cord after intubation. The keel was removed after 2 weeks, the larynx was harvested after 4 weeks. The effectiveness of anterior commissure adhesion prevention was evaluated by manifestation under laryngoscope, standard vocal cord length and standard glottic area. A retrospective analysis was performed on sixteen patients with anterior commissure lesion, who underwent mucosal flap-keel technique in Huashan Hospital of Fudan University from January 2019 to January 2021 (10 cases with free mucosal flap-keel complex and 6 cases with intralaryngeal mucosal flap-keel complex). All the patients underwent evaluation of laryngeal function included manifestation under laryngoscope each month and voice analysis before and 3 month after surgery. SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: No surgery accident or complication happened in canines and patients. The standard vocal cord length and standard glottic area after 4 weeks in group B were significantly higher than those in group A, C, D (Hstandard vocal cord length=31.688, Hstandard glottic area=16.444, P<0.05). The standard vocal cord length and standard glottic area after 4 weeks in group A were also significantly higher than those in group C, D(Hstandard vocal cord length=20.936, Hstandard glottic area=11.786, P<0.05). The standard vocal cord length and standard glottic area after 4 weeks in group A, B, E were not significantly different to that before surgery(tA left standard vocal cord length=2.636, tA right standard vocal cord length=2.582, tB left standard vocal cord length=2.707, tB right standard vocal cord length=2.673, tE left standard vocal cord length=0.370, tE right standard vocal cord length=0.821, tA standard glottic area=2.731, tB standard glottic area=2.753, tE standard glottic area=-0.529, P>0.05). The standard vocal cord length and standard glottic area after 4 weeks in group C, D were significantly lower than those before surgery(tC left standard vocal cord length=16.137, tC right standard vocal cord length=13.984, tD left standard vocal cord length=11.903, tD right standard vocal cord length=14.587, tC standard glottic area=10.280, tD standard glottic area=22.974, P<0.05). During 6-18 months of follow-up in clinical patients, no one developed a glottic web. Three months after surgery, Jitter, Shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio(NHR), the maximum phonation time(MPT)in all patients were significantly different from preoperative(tintralaryngeal mucosal flap jitter=24.885, tintralaryngeal mucosal flap shimmer=22.643, tintralaryngeal mucosal flap NHR=6.202, tintralaryngeal mucosal flap MPT=-9.661, tfree mucosal flap jitter=25.459, tfree mucosal flap shimmer=18.683, tfree mucosal flap NHR=5.705, tfree mucosal flap MPT=-20.840, P<0.05). Conclusion: Mucosal flap combined with silicone keel is an effective technique for preventing and treating anterior commissure adhesion. The effect of pedicled intralaryngea lmucosal flap is better.

In Vitro Antioxidant Properties and Methylglyoxal (MGO) Scavenging Effects of Centella asiatica Leaves in Water Extract

@#Introduction: Advanced glycation end product (AGE) is formed by the non-enzymatic glycation, leading to free radicals’ production and high oxidative stress. Accumulation of AGEs is associated with chronic diseases which are correlated with diabetes mellitus. Centella asiatica is a traditional medicinal herb used in Asia with numerous pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, wound healing, neuroprotective, and gastrointestinal treatment. This research was aim to evaluate the antioxidant, antiglycation, and phytochemical analysis of C. asiatica leaves (L.) water extract. Methods: The antioxidant activity of the plant extract was evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH) radicals, nitric oxide (NO), and chelating capacity assays. Total phenolic content (TPC) was performed to determine the presence of bioactive compounds, such as saponins, which have been extensively reported in previous studies. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used as positive control in the antioxidant assays, while quercetin was used in the antiglycation assays. Antiglycation effects of C. asiatica L. were evaluated through Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-MGO, BSA-glucose, and MGO scavenging assay. The data was expressed in terms of IC50. Result: The plant extract possessed significantly (p < 0.001) lower IC50 value compared to the BHT in DPPH and NO radical scavenging assay. It also showed stronger antiglycative effect with lower IC50 value compared to the quercetin in BSA-glucose and BSA-MGO assay. The TPC of C. asiatica L. was 3.20 mg/GAE/g at 100µg/ml. Conclusion: The antiglycation effects of C. asiaitca L. include the reduction of Amadori products formation, trapping α-dicarbonyl intermediates, and free radical scavenging. It is suggested that the antiglycation effects of C. asiatica L. maybe attributed by the presence of saponins and other phytochemicals.

Planning of ecologically suitable areas for Ligusticum chuanxiong under background of soil cadmium pollution / 中国中药杂志

Chuanxiong Rhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicinal material mainly produced in Sichuan and Chongqing of China. In recent years, the cadmium content in Chuanxiong Rhizoma produced in most of the genuine producing areas has exceeded the standard, which makes Chuanxiong Rhizoma difficult to be exported. To solve the problem of excessive cadmium content in soil, this study employed the MaxEnt model to simulate the potential geographic distribution of Ligusticum chuanxiong and evaluate important environmental factors, and re-plan its ecologically suitable areas based on the mineral distribution characteristics and soil cadmium pollution status. The results showed that the places suitable for L. chuanxiong growing covered an area of 335 523.69 km~2, mainly in central and eastern Sichuan, southern Shaanxi and most parts of Chongqing. Among them, the highly suitable areas of L. chuanxiong were mainly concentrated in Chengdu, Ya'an, Deyang, and Mianyang. Solar radiation, annual precipitation, and annual range of temperature were evaluated as important variables affecting the distribution of L. chuanxiong, with the contribution rates of 62.3%, 13.3%, and 6.8%, respectively. In addition, Qionglai county, Chongqing county, Mianyang city(Youxian district and Fucheng district), Qingchuan county, and Xinjin county were classified into the first-class ecologically suitable zone, covering a total area of 2 768.87 km~2. The se-cond-class ecologically suitable zone was even wider, involving such counties as Tongjiang county, Renshou county, Jianyang county, and Nanjiang county, and the total area reached 43 616.92 km~2. The re-planning of the ecologically suitable areas for L. chuanxiong has provided strong data support for the cultivation and resource development of L. chuanxiong and also new ideas for solving the problem of excessive cadmium content in L. chuanxiong.

Efficacy and safety of total neoadjuvant therapy versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer: a meta-analysis / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) in the comprehensive treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods: Literatures were screened from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CBM, Wanfang Data, VIP and CNKI from the inception date to May 2021 to collect the randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of TNT followed by total mesorectal excision (TME) versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCRT) followed by TME in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. The data of overall survival, disease-free survival, R0 radical resection rate, pathological complete response (pCR) rate, T downstaging rate, the incidence of adverse events ≥ grade III, including neutropenia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, radiation dermatitis and nervous system toxicity, and the morbidity of complications within postoperative 30 days of the two groups were extracted from the included literatures. Review Manager 5.3 software was utilized for statistical meta-analysis. Results: Nine RCTs were finally enrolled including 2430 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with nCRT group, patients in TNT group had longer overall survival (HR=0.80, 95%CI: 0.65-0.97, P=0.03) and higher pCR rate (RR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.44-2.08, P<0.01) with significant differences. Besides, there were no significant differences between two groups in disease-free survival (HR=0.86, 95%CI:0.71-1.05, P=0.14), R0 radical resection rate (RR=1.02, 95%CI: 0.99-1.06, P=0.17) and T downstaging rate (RR=1.04, 95%CI: 0.89-1.22, P=0.58) between two groups. In terms of treatment safety, the incidence of adverse events ≥ grade III (RR=1.09, 95%CI: 0.70-1.70, P=0.70) and morbidity of complications within postoperative 30 days (RR=1.07, 95%CI: 0.97-1.18, P=0.19) did not significantly differ between two groups. Conclusions: In the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer, TNT may bring more survival benefits than nCRT and does not increase the incidence of adverse events and postoperative complications. Therefore, TNT could be used as a recommended treatment for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

Research progress and application of animal models for drug development in multiple sclerosis / 中国药理学通报

Multiple sclerosis ( MS) is an immune-mediated chro¬nic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) , which is regulated by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms.There are four clinical phenotypes of MS, including relapsing-re- mitting MS ( RRMS) , primary progressive MS ( PPMS) , sec- ondary-pmgressive MS ( SPMS) , and progressive relapsing MS ( PRMS) , among which RRMS is the main type.'Hie pathogen¬esis of MS is not clear and it could not he cured, so long-term drug treatment is needed for the MS patients.Nowadays, animal models play an important role in the preclinical research of MS drugs.'Hie MS animal models are mainly divided into experi¬mental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, toxin in¬ duced demyelination model, and vims induced demyelination model, among which EAE model is most widely used.'Hie three types of MS animal models demonstrate specific characteristics due to the different induction methods and animal species, and they correspond to specific clinical types of MS.According to the different clinical types of MS, the use of appropriate animal models for drug research and development will help us develop more targeted and potential therapeutic dnrgs, making it possible to cure MS.

Research on mechanism of salidroside activating HIF-1 a signaling pathway to promote MOB proliferation / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the effeet of salidroside (SAL) on proliferation of osteoblasts and its possible mechanism by using mouse primary osteoblasts ( MOB) as the research object.Methods Alkaline phosphatase ( ALP) staining was used to identify the extracted primary cells.MTT was used to detect the effect of SAL on the proliferation.RT-PCR, Western blot, ELISA were used to investigate the molecular mechanism of SAL.Results The extracted cells generated black-brown deposits by ALP staining, which were shown to be osteoblasts clearly.SAL promoted the pro liferation of MOB.Meanwhile, SAL could up-regulate the mRNA and protein expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-lcx ( HIF-1 ex), vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) , angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) and interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) , which were down-regulated by using the HIF-lex blocker YC-1.Conclusions SAL could promote the proliferation of MOB through HIF-1 a/VEGF, ANGPTL4, IL-6 signaling pathway.

Changes in Gray Matter Volume in Chronic Nonfluent Aphasia after Cortical Cerebral Infarction / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To investigate the changes of gray matter volume in patients with chronic nonfluent aphasia after cortical cerebral infarction and the relationship between gray matter volume and language function. Methods:From June, 2016 to June, 2019, 19 patients with chronic nonfluent aphasia after cortical cerebral infarction from the First Affiliated Hospital of Ji'nan University and 28 healthy subjects (controls) were scanned with structural magnetic resonance imaging. The data were analyzed using voxel-based morphological measurement to measure the gray matter volumes of the brain regions, and the differences between patients and controls were compared. The correlation between volumes of brain regions with difference and scores of items of Aphasia Battery of Chinese (ABC) was analyzed. Results:The gray matter volumes increased in the brain regions of right inferior frontal gyrus triangle, right inferior frontal gyrus island cover, right angular gyrus, the right medial frontal gyrus, left insula, left medial frontal gyrus in the patients; while decreased in right globus pallidus. The volumes of left insular lobe correlated with the scores of repeating (r = 0.665, P = 0.001) and naming (r = 0.638, P = 0.003); and the volumes of right inferior frontal gyrus triangle correlated with the scores of hearing comprehension (r = 0.493, P = 0.031), repeating (r = 0.576, P = 0.009) and naming (r = 0.674, P = 0.001) in the patients. Conclusion:The cortex volumes of left insula and right inferior frontal gyrus triangle increase in patients with chronic nonfluent aphasia after cerebral infarction, which may play a role in the language dysfunction.

Category and working mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and their effectiveness in clinical trials / 上海预防医学

Since the pandemic outbreak of the COVID-19， there had been about 121 million confirmed cases and more than 2.6 million deaths， which had significantly affected the economies and health resources in more than 233 countries and regions. Currently， no effective therapeutic option is available for the COVID-19， andimplementation of public health interventions suffers inconvenience. Consequently， the development of COVID-19 vaccines remains crucial. This review updates the current research progression， advantages and disadvantages of inactivated vaccine， live attenuated vaccine， recombinant subunit vaccine， recombinant virus-vectored vaccine， DNA vaccine， and RNA vaccine for the COVID-19. It warrants joint research and development of vaccines on multiple platforms， which would facilitate better control and prevention of the COVID-19 epidemic.

Resistance Evaluation of Different Phenotypes of Farmland Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Germplasm Under High Light Stress / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the physiological response of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma with different phenotypes to high light stress under farmland cultivation mode， and to provide theoretical support for breeding of and fine management of new varieties of farmland ginseng. Method:Four-year-old ginseng plants with different stem colors were used as materials， and blue film was replaced by the colorless and translucent film for performing high light stress and investigating the change of growth status， light response curve， photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters of ginseng leaves. Meanwhile， the physiological adaptability and cell ultrastructural differences of ginseng with different phenotypes for strong light were compared by analyzing the variation of leaf ultrastructural characteristics before and after the stress. Result:The color of ginseng leaves became weak and the content of chlorophyll was greatly decreased with burning phenomenon on the leaf margin under high light stress. The maximum net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point of purple-stem ginseng were higher than those of green-stem ginseng. Transpiration rate， water use efficiency and other gas exchange parameters of purple-stem ginseng had adversity advantages， photosynthetic electron transport rate， maximum photochemical efficiency， photochemical quenching coefficient and other chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were higher than those of green-stem ginseng. There were changes in ultrastructure of the two germplasms， and the plasmolysis of green-stem ginseng was more obvious， its chloroplast membrane ruptured， the contents were exuded and the accumulation of starch grains and osmiophilic bodies increased. The chloroplast membrane structure of purple-stem germplasm was relatively stable， and its number of multivesicular bodies increased significantly by comparing with that of green-stem ginseng under high light. Conclusion:High light stress inhibits the leaf growth of farmland ginseng with different stem colors. The photosynthetic efficiency of green-stem ginseng is obviously reduced， and the integrity of chloroplast is damaged， leading to the weak physiological resistance. The purple-stem ginseng can reduce the damage of the photosynthetic system of plants under high light stress by its special cell structure and non-photochemical quenching advantages. Therefore， the purple-stem ginseng can be cultivated into a new resistant variety.

Analysis on YABBY Transcription Factor Family of Original Plant Cannabis sativa of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cannabis Fructus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the sequence characteristics，chromosomal location，gene structure，conserved motifs，phylogenetic evolution and differential gene expressions of the <italic>Cannabis sativa</italic> YABBY transcription factor family，in order to provide a molecular basis for in-depth study of <italic>YABBY</italic> gene function and theoretical support for the selection and breeding of superior hemp varieties. Method:The bio-informatics method was used to identify and analyze the <italic>CsYABBY </italic>gene family of the original hemp seed plant. PlantTFDB，ExPASy，MEME，CELLO，PLANTCARE and other online websites and TBtools，MEGA，DNAMAN and other software were used for prediction，visualization and analysis. Result:<italic>C. sativa</italic> contains 6 <italic>YABBY</italic> gene members distributed on 5 chromosomes，in which 5 members are localized in the nucleus and 1 in extracellular， they consist of 185-235 amino acids， and the isoelectric point is between 5.05 and 9.34， the molecular weight is between 20 582.45-26 282.7 Da. All of CsYABBY proteins contain two conserved domains， namely Zinc finger domain and YABBY domain. <italic>CsYABBY</italic> genes have multiple cis-acting elements，and their expressions differ in different tissues and cultivars. Conclusion:The expressions of CsYABBY may be affected by hormones and externally environmental factors. <italic>CsYABBY</italic> gene expressions are tissue-specific. In addition，YABBY transcription factor family may play an important role in regulating the development of <italic>C. sativa</italic> female flowers，and subfamilies YAB1 and YAB5 may be involved in the synthesis of cannabinoids.

Network Pharmacology-based Analysis on Mechanism of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata and Epimedii Folium in Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the mechanism of the prescription consisting Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata and Epimedii Folium in the treatment of chronic heart failure （CHF） based on network pharmacology，followed by verification in H9c2 myocardial cells with hypoxia-reoxygenation injury <italic>in vitro</italic> and in zebrafish with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor （VEGFR） tyrosine kinase inhibitor Ⅱ （VRI） -induced vascular insufficiency. Method:The active ingredients in Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata and Epimedii Folium were searched from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform （TCMSP），the corresponding target genes from the Universal Protein Resource （UniProt）， and the CHF-related targets from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man （OMIM） and GeneCards. Both the active ingredient-potential target network and the active ingredient-CHF-related target network were generated using Cytoscape 3.6.1， followed by the protein-protein interaction （PPI） network construction and Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome （KEGG） enrichment analysis based on MetaScape. H9c2 myocardial cells exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation were selected for determining the proliferation-promoting effect by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） assay. The protein expression of B-cell lymphoma-2（Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein（Bax），cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-3（Caspase-3）， protein kinase B（PKB/Akt），phosphorylated protein kinase B（p-Akt），phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 （p-ERK1/2），extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 （ERK1/2）， and poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase（PARP）was detected by Western blotting. The efficacy of the prescription in promoting angiogenesis was verified in a zebrafish model of VRI-induced vascular injury. Result:There were 28 active ingredients for the prescription， 209 corresponding targets， 1 296 CHF-related targets， and 94 common gene targets shared by the prescription and CHF. PPI network clustering suggested that Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata and Epimedii Folium alleviated CHF by interfering with cell differentiation and metabolism and angiogenesis. GO analysis revealed that CHF relief was achieved via the intervention in such biological processes as cell migration，vascular development， and angiogenesis. Pharmacodynamic experiments verified that Epimedii Folium （10 mg·L^-1） alone and the prescription （10 mg·L^-1）both enhanced the proliferation of H9c2 myocardial cells under the hypoxia-reoxygenation condition （<italic>P</italic><0.05），while the latter also increased the expression of Bcl-2，Bcl-2/Bax， and PARP （<italic>P</italic><0.05） and reduced the expression of Caspase-3， Akt， and ERK （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The prescription at the concentrations of 0.3 and 0.1 g·L^-1 promoted angiogenesis （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata and Epimedii Folium exert the therapeutic effect against CHF via multiple ingredients，multiple targets， and multiple channels. Such combination promotes the proliferation of H9c2 myocardial cells under hypoxic condition and protects zebrafish from vascular injury by up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and PARP，increasing Bcl-2/Bax ratio，and down-regulating the expression of Caspase-3，Akt， and ERK.