Efficacy and Mechanism of Yishen Shengjing Prescription in Treatment of Oligoasthenospermia / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of Yishen Shengjing Prescription （YSP） in the treatment of oligoasthenospermia in rats. MethodThe oligoasthenospermia rat model was established by injection with cyclophosphamide （35 mg·kg-1·d-1） for 5 consecutive days. Rats were randomly assigned into control group （without treating with cyclophosphamide）， model group， low- （YSP-L）， medium- （YSP-M）， and high- （YSP-H） dose （2.91， 5.83， and 11.66 g·kg-1， respectively） groups， Wuzi Yanzongwan （WYW， 1.03 g·kg-1） group， and L-carnitine （0.17 g·kg-1） group， with 8 rats in each group. After 28 days of drug intervention， the body weight， testicular weight， and testicular index of rats were recorded. The sperm quality in epididymis was detected by computer-assisted sperm analysis （CASA） system. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was employed for observation of testicular tissue morphology. The levels of malondialdehyde （MDA） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） in testicular tissue were detected by colorimetry. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， luteinizing hormone （LH）， and testosterone （T） in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling （TUNEL） was employed to detect the apoptosis of testicular cells. The protein levels of B cell lymphoma-2（Bcl-2）， Bax， and cleaved Caspase-3 in testicular tissue were detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the control group， the model group showed decreased body weight， testicular weight and index， sperm concentration and motility （P<0.01） and increased testicular pathological score （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the YSP-M， YSP-H， WYW， and L-carnitine groups showed increased body weight， testicular weight， testicular index， sperm concentration and motility and decreased testicular pathological score. After modeling， the SOD level decreased （P<0.01） while the MDA content increased （P<0.01） in the testicular tissue. YSP-H， WYW， and L-carnitine reversed the SOD and MDA level changes caused by modeling. Compared with the control group， the model group exhibited declined T level （P<0.01） and increased FSH and LH levels （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， YSP， WYW， and L-carnitine increased the T level （P<0.01） and decreased the LH level （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The apoptosis rate of spermatogenic cells in the model group was higher than that in the control group （P<0.01）， whereas YSP-M， WYW， and L-carnitine reversed such changes （P<0.01）. The model group rats showed decreased expression of Bcl-2（P<0.05） and increased expression of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared the model group， YSP-M， YSP-H， WYW， and L-carnitine up-regulated the Bcl-2 expression and down-regulated the cleaved Caspase-3 expression （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionYSP improved the sperm quality of oligoasthenospermia model rats by regulating the antioxidant system and sex hormone levels and inhibiting the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells.

Analgesic Effect and Action Mechanisms of Wenjing Zhitong Prescription on Primary Dysmenorrhea / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the analgesic effects of Wenjing Zhitong prescription （WZP） and explore its possible analgesic mechanisms so as to provide experimental basis for research and development of new Chinese medicine. Method:Analgesic effects of WZP were evaluated by observing the writhing latency and number in the writhing models which were induced by oxytocin in rats as well as those induced by acetic acid and prostaglandin E₁ （PGE₁）， respectively in mice. Effect of WZP on uterine contraction frequency， amplitude and activity were evaluated by observing the oxytocin-induced contraction of uterine smooth muscle in rats and rabbits <italic>in vivo</italic>. In the oxytocin-induced rat writhing models， the content of prostaglandin F₂<italic>_α</italic>（PGF₂<italic>_α</italic>） and prostaglandin E₂（PGE₂） in rat uterine tissues and the content of beta-endorphins （<italic>β</italic>-EP） in rat serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Expression of estrogen receptor （ER） and oxytocin receptor （OTR） in rat uterine were tested by Real-time polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） method to investigate the possible molecular mechanism of WZP for its analgesic effect. Result:Results of analgesic effect showed that in oxytocin-induced rat writhing experiment， the number of writhing responses in both the WZP （1.5，3.0 g·kg^-1） group was lower than than in the model group （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. In acetic acid-induced mice writhing experiment， the latency of writhing response in WZP （6.0 g·kg^-1） group was significantly prolonged as compared with that in model group <italic>（P</italic><0.01）， and the number of writhing response was significantly reduced （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. In PGE₁-induced mice writhing model， the writhing number in WZP （1.5，3.0，6.0 g·kg^-1） groups was significantly lower than that in the model group （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Results of effect on uterine smooth muscle demonstrated that WZP （0.38，0.75，1.50 g·kg^-1） could significantly reduce the frequency of uterine smooth muscle contraction in rabbits （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）， WZP （0.75，1.50，3.00 g·kg^-1） could significantly reduce the contractile amplitude and activity of smooth muscle in the uterus of rats （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Results of molecular mechanisms of analgesic effects showed that the WZP （0.75，1.50，3.00 g·kg^-1） significantly reduced the content of PGF₂<italic>_α</italic> and the ratio of PGF₂<italic>_α</italic> to PGE₂ in the uterine tissue of rats （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. In the WZP （3.00 g·kg^-1） group， the levels of <italic>β</italic>-EP in the serum of rats were significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， and the levels of OTR in uterus of rats in the WZP （1.50，3.00 g·kg^-1） group were significantly decreased （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:Pharmacological studies demonstrated potent analgesic effect of WZP， and such analgesic effect were mediated by significantly inhibiting contraction of uterine smooth muscle， decreasing the contents of PGF₂<italic>_α </italic>and ratio of PGF₂<italic>_α</italic>/PGE₂， reducing OTR expression in uterine as well as increasing the amount of <italic>β</italic>-EP in serum.

Efficacy and Material Basis of Shuangjin Sanjie Granules in Treatment on Hyperplasia of Mammary Gland / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:The SD rat model of hyperplasia of mammary gland（HMG） and the ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) technology were used to explore the pharmacological material basis of Shuangjin Sanjie granules (SJSJG) for the treatment on HMG.Method:SD rat models of HMG were administered in groups, and the nipple height and the diameter were measured; the levels of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and prolactin (PRL) in serum were detected, pathological examination was conducted for the hyperplasia of breast tissue. Histochemical methods were used to detect the expressions of estrogen receptor α (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PR), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) proteins. Finally, UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS technology was used to detect the main chemical constituents of SJSJG, and the pharmacodynamic substance basis was analyzed based on the pharmacological effect.Result:The results of animal experiments showed that compared with the normal group, nipple height and diameter of the model group increased remarkably (P<0.01), serum E2 significantly increased (P<0.01). Pathological examination showed abnormal hyperplasia of breast tissue， expressions of ERα, AR, PR and TNF-α increased， compared with the model group, the nipple height and diameter of the SJSJG group decreased remarkably (P<0.01), serum E2 was decreased significantly (P<0.01)， pathological examination showed weakened abnormal hyperplasia of breast tissue, ERα, AR, PR and TNF-α protein expressions were significant decreased (P<0.01). The results of basic material study showed that 85 chemical components were identified from SJSJG, including 16 alkaloids, 7 flavonoids, 15 terpenes, 9 phenolic acid compounds, 3 coumarin compounds, 10 esters and lactone compounds, 7 fatty acids compounds, 4 amino acids compounds, and 14 other types of ingredients， among them, alkaloids and terpenoids chemical drug substances were closely related.Conclusion:SJSJG can effectively improve the condition of breast hyperplasia, and its medicinal substance basis may include saikosaponin A, Saikosaponin D, verticinone, peimine.

Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Maternal Blood, Placental Size, and Risk for Fetal Growth Restriction: A Nested Case-control Study / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To explore the effects of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on placental size and birth outcomes.@*Methods@#Based on the perspective Wenzhou Birth Cohort, this nested case-control study included 101 fetal growth restriction (FGR) and 101 healthy newborns. Maternal serum samples were collected during the third trimester and measured for PBDEs by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The basic information of mother-newborn pairs was collected from questionnaires, whereas the placental size and birth outcomes of newborns were obtained from hospital records.@*Results@#A total of 19 brominated diphenyle ether (BDE) congeners were detected in maternal serum samples. Higher concentrations of BDE-207, -208, -209, and ∑ @*Conclusion@#A negative association was found between PBDE levels in maternal serum and placental size and birth outcomes. Prenatal PBDE exposure may be associated with elevated risk of the incidence of FGR birth.

The trends of maternal mortality in China and principal component analysis of health status / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To describe the trend of maternal mortality in China from 2005 to 2015, and analyze the maternal health status in various regions of China in 2015, so as to provide scientific basis for the rational allocation of health resources by relevant departments. Methods The dynamic series method was used to describe the trend of maternal mortality in China from 2005 to 2015. The principal component analysis method was used to evaluate the maternal health status in China in 2015. Results From 2005 to 2015, the maternal mortality in the whole country and urban and rural areas showed a downward trend. The average growth rate was respectively -0.0756, -0.0210, -0.0852. The majority of the coastal provinces and cities had a balanced development of maternal health care, and Jiangsu Province had two main component values ranked first (F1=218.3, F2=60.6). Conclusion China’s maternal health care industry have achieved remarkable results. The development direction should be shifted from coastal to inland, laying a good foundation for the realization of the next goal in the future.

Pharmacodynamics and Mechanism of Chaijin Sanjie Prescription on Rats with Mammary Gland Hyperplasia / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the pharmacodynamics and mechanism of Chaijin Sanjie prescription (CJSJP) on rat mammary gland hyperplasia, in order to provide experimental basis for the research and development of new Chinese medicine. Method:SD rat model of mammary gland hyperplasia was established through exogenous intramuscular injection with estrogen and progesterone. After successful establishment of the model, the rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, and low, medium and high-dose CJSJP groups (3.13, 6.26, 12.52 g·kg-1) and Rupixiao (0.517 g·kg-1) group, with 9 rats in each group. After 28 days of administration, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and rolactin (PRL) were measured by radioimmunoassay, uterus and ovary coefficients were calculated; nipple diameter and breast histopathology were observed, estrogen receptor-α(ER-α) expression in mammary gland was measured by immunohistochemistry, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) mRNA expressions in hypothalamus, pituitary were measured by Real-time PCR. ICR mice were randomly divided into normal group, low, medium and high-dose CJSJP groups (5.2,10.4,20.8 g·kg-1) and Luotongding group (0.038 6 g·kg-1) according to their body weight. Twelve mice in each group were given drugs for 7 days, and 0.6% acetic acid was injected intraperitoneally for 30 minutes after the last administration. The writhing times were observed within 15 minutes. Result:Compared with the normal group, the diameter of nipple was widened, serum E2 was significantly increased (Pα expression were increased in model group. compared with model group, the diameter of nipple was significantly decreased in high dose group of CJSJP (P2 was decreased in all dose groups of CJSJP, pathological score of breast hyperplasia was decreased in middle and high dose groups of CJSJP, GnRH mRNA in hypothalamus was decreased in all dose groups of CJSJP. The writhing times of mice in high dose group of CJSJP was decreased (PConclusion:Chaijin Sanjie prescription can improve the lesions of breast hyperplasia. The therapeutic mechanism may be related to the regulation of GnRH gene expression in hypothalamus and the decrease of estrogen receptor expression.

Interventional treatment experience in multiple injury with major abdominal or pelvic injuries: 160 cases analysis / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>PURPOSE</b>To observe the therapeutic effect of interventional embolization and haemorrhage control in multiple trauma patients with a major abdominal or pelvic injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of 160 multiple trauma patients with a major abdominal or pelvic injury were retrospectively analyzed. They were admitted into the Department of Emergency of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College from October 2013 to April 2016. Eighty-seven patients who received emergent intervention for embolization and haemorrhage control were set as group A, including 72 males and 15 females, with an average age of (39.32 ± 14.0) years. Patients underwent emergent intervention for embolization and hemostasis. The other 73 patients who received traditional surgeries were set as group B, including 62 males and 11 females, with an average age of (38.48 ± 13.12) years. The time from admission to emergency intervention, the time of interventional embolization, transfusion during hospitalization, length of stay and prognosis were observed. The whole treatment and prognosis were compared between group A and group B.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In group A, the average time from admission to intervention exploration was (132.05 ± 86.80) min, the average operation time was (149 ± 49.69) min, the average hospitalization time was (18.37 ± 4.71) days, the average amount of RBC transfusion during hospitalization was (7.2 ± 4.33) units, and the mortality was 4.60% (4 patients died). The corresponding data in group B were respectively (138.95 ± 82.49) min, (183 ± 52.39) min, (22.72 ± 6.63) days, (12.23 ± 5.43) units, and 9.59% (7 cases died). There was no statistical difference in the time from admission to operation between the two groups (p > 0.05), but there was statistical difference in operation time, RBC transfusion, hospitalization time, prognosis, and mortality between the two groups (all p < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The emergent intervention for embolization and haemorrhage control of multiple trauma patients with a major abdominal or pelvic injury and visceral organ haemorrhage has the advantages of less trauma, shorter operation time, shorter hospital stay, less blood transfusion in comparison to the traditional emergency surgeries.</p>